Nuclear Age Peace Foundation

Tag: environment

The Silent Fallout: The Legacy of Soviet Nuclear Testing in Kazakhstan and Its Modern-Day Impacts

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Article by Dinmukhammed Kairolda

How has Soviet nuclear testing at the Semipalatinsk Test Site shaped Kazakhstan’s public health, national identity, and global disarmament stance in the post-independence era?

Introduction

From 1949 to 1989, the Soviet Union carried out 456 nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk Test Site, also known as the Polygon, in northern Kazakhstan. Selected for its geographical remoteness and its subservience to Moscow, it was one of the most intensively used nuclear testing grounds on the planet. Over the course of four decades, the explosions irradiated an estimated 1.5 million individuals, frequently without alert or protection. Fallout poisoned land, water, and air, bequeathing a legacy of cancers, birth defects, and intergenerational trauma.

The cessation of testing in 1991 was contemporaneous with a renewed national consciousness of this history. During the final Soviet years, the Nevada–Semipalatinsk Movement, initiated by poet and parliamentarian Olzhas Suleimenov, organized popular resistance to nuclear testing. One of the initial mass civic movements in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, it was directly responsible for the shutdown of the site. Its impact was felt globally, putting Kazakhstan on the international disarmament agenda while generating a domestic identity based on peace and resistance.

This article considers the effects of Soviet nuclear testing at Semipalatinsk in three areas: public health, international diplomacy, and national identity. Based on historical research, policy reports, scientific studies, and opinion surveys distributed to young Kazakhs, the article examines how Kazakhstan turned its nuclear past into both an opportunity for global leadership and a source of national unity.

Public Health and Environmental Impacts

The human impact of nuclear testing in Semipalatinsk continues to be significant. From 1949 to 1989, regional populations were subjected to ongoing radioactive contamination with little protection. Radioactive soil, water, and air have had long-lasting consequences spanning generations, such as increased cancer rates, birth defects, immune disorders, and mental trauma (PMC, 2017).

These are not just statistics and numbers but experienced truths. One survivor remembered: “After the tests, there were awful headaches[…] children were born abnormally. There were a lot of cases of cancer.” Survey evidence corroborates this general impression: 94% of those questioned think testing did great harm to public health, and more than 91% know about the existence of the site (Figure 1).

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Figure 1 above shows the answers to the question, ”How much do you think the nuclear tests have affected the health of local people?” from the Survey “Public Opinion on Kazakhstan’s Nuclear Legacy.”

Although the government has recognized this legacy and issued targeted support, healthcare assistance and compensation remain insufficient. The nuclear legacy continues to have health consequences on a large population of Kazakhstan’s citizens, as well as the wider moral and political terrain on the country as a whole.

Nevada–Semipalatinsk Movement: Civil Mobilization and Moral Authority

In February 1989, at a televised poetry reading in Almaty, Olzhas Suleimenov demanded the immediate suspension of nuclear testing. His appeal gained momentum with the formation of the Nevada–Semipalatinsk Movement, which brought together Kazakh and American anti-nuclear activists. Hundreds of thousands of citizens, scientists, artists, and ecologists participated in peaceful protests for two years, shutting down the Semipalatinsk complex even before Kazakhstan declared independence (Astana Times, 2021).

The importance of this grassroots movement is not solely due to the outcome of shutting down of the Semipalatinsk Test Site, but also as that of the Soviet Kazakhstan first experiencing civic activism. Activists such as Sultan Kartoev and Kairat Umarov describe in interviews how moral indignation and collective action combined broke through the cover-up of the Soviet nuclear program (Astana Times, 2019).The movement also exposed Kazakhstan to the global anti-nuclear debate, opening opportunities to advocate for disarmament across national borders.

In spite of the focus of subsequent state reports on regional measures, the movement is a good example of peaceful resistance and civic courage, illustrating the potential of grassroots efforts to shape Kazakhstan’s future after the Soviet period.

Kazakhstan’s Role in Global Disarmament

Kazakhstan’s disarmament leadership in the world is based on its firsthand experience of the ravages of nuclear testing. Following independence, it was the first to shut down a principal test site and voluntarily give up one of the world’s largest inherited nuclear arsenals, establishing a precedent that security and sovereignty were compatible with disarmament. In a detailed and comprehensive account entitled The Atomic Steppe, Dr. Togzhan Kassenova describes both the effort to end nuclear testing, as well as to transfer the approximately one thousand weapons that Kazakhstan inherited after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Today, Kazakhstan is an active promoter of non-proliferation. It was among the first signatories of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) and has chaired TPNW significant forums, including the Third Meeting of States Parties (3MSP) to the TPNW in 2025. As co-chair, with Kiribati, of the Working Group on Articles 6 and 7, it has influenced international norms for victim assistance and environmental remediation. Kazakhstan also chaired the 2024 Preparatory Committee for the 11th Review Conference of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

In addition to the work in ongoing multilateral disarmament processes, Kazakhstan and Kiribati introduced a historic resolution on nuclear justice at the 2023 Session of the UNGA First Committee. This was the first resolution that called upon member-states to submit their views on victim assistance and environmental remediation to the Secretary-General. A subsequent resolution in 2024 calls for the Secretary-General to convene an international meeting on victim assistance and environmental remediation at an appropriate time in 2026. (Nuclear Justice Resolution 2024)

Public opinion is consistent with this foreign policy: 74.3% of the respondents approve of Kazakhstan’s leadership in disarmament, and 77.1% are in favor of a worldwide prohibition of nuclear weapons (Figures 2 and 3). These findings indicate that the state’s position on nuclear disarmament is based on both strategic interests and collective memory.

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Figure 2, shows answers from the question, ”How much do you think the nuclear tests have affected the health of local people?” from the Survey “Public Opinion on Kazakhstan’s Nuclear Legacy.”

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F igure 3, shows the responses from the question, ”How much do you think the nuclear tests have affected the health of local people?” from the Survey “Public Opinion on Kazakhstan’s Nuclear Legacy.”

National Identity and Collective Memory

The heritage of Semipalatinsk has become a central element of Kazakhstan’s national identity. Defined as a “national tragedy,” it is used as a moral foundation for post-Soviet values and as a narrative of the shift from victimization to leadership. According to Nazerke Kanatbekova, state media, such as the 2020 TV series Polygon, often emphasizes the role of political leaders in ending the testing and underestimates the role of grassroots activism. This is symptomatic of a top-down approach to nation building.

There are also differences of generation in remembering. Older witnesses remember more diplomatic triumphs and acts of heroism, while younger participants, especially from traumatized areas, are recording emotional responses to trauma but lack an abundance of detailed history. Memorials such as Stronger than Death and nationwide commemorations establish connections between former suffering and present responsibility.

Opinion surveys indicate that 70.6% of the interviewed persons believe Kazakhstan’s nuclear past continues to be important to national identity (Figure 2). How the city of Semipalatinsk was transformed from a place of silence to a sign of survival attests to the fact that the collective memory may both serve as a warning and a site of civic unity.

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Figure №4, shows Pie chart, answers to the question, ”Do you believe that Kazakhstan’s history with nuclear weapons influences its national identity today?” from the Survey “Public Opinion on Kazakhstan’s Nuclear Legacy.

Conclusion

The Soviet nuclear testing legacy of Kazakhstan continues to impact its public health, identity, and foreign policy. The Nevada–Semipalatinsk Movement is the quintessential example of how civil society can convert national disaster into international activism.

Kazakhstan’s rapid ratification of the TPNW and leadership within disarmament communities are expressions of an experience driven by principled foreign policy. Under President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Kazakhstan has continued to play its role as a strong supporter of nuclear non-proliferation and humanitarian resolution of nuclear legacies.

From a nuclear testing site to a global leader in disarmament, Kazakhstan’s transformation is a lesson in integrity and moral responsibility, demonstrating that a country can reconcile the legacy of pain with a vision for a nuclear-weapon-free world.

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September 10, 2025
UN Side Event: Mobilizing Youth for Ocean, Climate, and Disarmament Action at the 2025 HLPF

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On July 14, 2025, Kiribati, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF), Reverse the Trend (RTT), Blue Planet Alliance and Peace Boat US co-hosted a vibrant side event titled “Mobilizing Youth for Ocean and Climate Action: Harnessing Citizen Science and Capacity-Building” at the UN Headquarters during the High-Level Political Forum (HLPF). This event highlighted the critical role of youth engagement and activism in addressing interrelated ocean, climate resilience, and global disarmament issues.

Speakers included Christian Ciobanu, Policy and Advocacy Director at the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Project Coordinator at Reverse the Trend and TPNW Advisor to Mission of Kiribati; David Shi, Youth Activist with NAPF and RTT and Researcher at the Economic Policy Research Institute; Alejandro Forero Rey, Intern at Peace Boat US and Rising Senior at Tufts University; and Ruth Ijomor, Intern at Peace Boat US and Rising Junior at Tufts University.

Speaking on behalf of the Mission of Kiribati, Christian Ciobanu led the session by highlighting the intersection between nuclear legacy issues, climate change, and ocean health, particularly calling to attention the historical nuclear testing in Kiribati. Ciobanu discussed the ramifications of Operation Grapple, where, on April 28, 1958, the United Kingdom detonated its largest thermonuclear test, over 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

Ciobanu stressed the enduring humanitarian and environmental consequences faced by Kiribati’s communities, pointing out the essential role youth play in advocating for victim assistance and promoting the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) and the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). He further highlighted the significance of the recent UN Resolution on Nuclear Justice, which garnered support from 174 states, underscoring global recognition of the urgent need for nuclear accountability.

Ciobanu also highlighted a need to actively engage and empower youth within this policy space, highlighting the NAPF and RTT’s recent activities, including participation at the third Meeting of States Parties (3MSP) to the TPNW, where they co-hosted events that elevated youth voices on issues of disarmament and nuclear justice.

Following Ciobanu’s remarks, David Shi, a youth activist with NAPF and RTT, spoke in-depth on community-driven climate resilience and social protection in developing countries. Shi was keen on community-driven climate resilience and social protection in developing contexts and spoke from his recent field research in Lesotho. He described how in several districts, over just a few years, local home-grown school feeding programs evolved from tiny crop gardens into vibrant hubs of community collaboration, where students and teachers actively engage in agricultural production supported by their families.

Shi emphasized the importance of grounding policies and initiatives in local realities and empowering youth to take the lead and make meaningful contributions. Drawing from his research with the Economic Policy Research Institute, he offered insights into youth-led humanitarian efforts in fragile settings—highlighting the example of Sudanese resistance committees and emergency response rooms (ERRs), which he described as highly adaptable, community-based models of action.

Shi concluded his remarks by calling for “youth to be integrated as leaders, planners, and organizers at every level of climate, disarmament, and development policy. […] We need to go beyond just tokenism and make sure we actively engage and utilize the expertise and networks that youth possess”.

Alejandro Forero Rey, a rising senior at Tufts University, reflected on his background and experience interning with Peace Boat US this summer. Born in Columbia and having lived in Saudi Arabia, the US, and Hong Kong, Alejandro credited his diverse geographical upbringing with shaping his identity as a “global citizen” and cultivating a commitment to international cooperation.

Interning with Peace Boat US, Alejandro explained, provided a unique opportunity to engage in the field of sustainable development in a hands-on fashion. He lauded Peace Boat for its work at the intersection of sustainability and disarmament and its creation of space for international collaboration relating to these issues. He praised his Peace Boat US colleagues and his supervisor, Emilie McGlone, for fostering an environment that encourages youth participation and practical engagement in fields previously unknown. Alejandro closed by considering the implications of his presence for youth engagement in international discussions, remarking, “youth voices are not only welcomed but essential in shaping global policy.”

Ruth Ijomor, a rising junior at Tufts University and an intern at Peace Boat US, gave attention to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Stressing that the SDGs are deeply interconnected, Ruth affirmed that climate action is not merely about the environment, but about “governance, equity, and institutions.”

As a first-generation Nigerian-American, Ruth offered personal insight on the harmful implications of weak institutions in their limiting of opportunities and derailing of climate and development goals. She underscored the particularly devastating effects of the climate crisis on poor and marginalized communities. Calling for youth engagement, Ruth concluded by reflecting on an adage voiced by her father – ”A single tree does not make a forest. Let’s allow our youth to be saplings that would line our forests.”

Throughout the session, the speakers reinforced the need to integrate youth perspectives into global oceanic and climate governance frameworks. They emphasized multi-stakeholder engagement and cross-sector collaboration, blending research, activism, and international advocacy as a way to build more inclusive, resilient, and sustainable societies. From policy analysis and grassroots mobilization to practical citizen science, the speakers’ diverse backgrounds showcased the multifaceted ways that youth can contribute to both humanitarian and environmental agendas.

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fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ 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July 16, 2025
Pope Leo XIV Must Follow in Francis’ Footsteps and Stand up for the Environment and Against Nuclear Weapons

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The following article was co-authored by Christian Ciobanu and Ivana Nikolić Hughes, originally published in Common Dreams on May 9, 2025.

There is much that Pope Leo XIV can do to advance a better world. Following Francis, he has big shoes to fill.

09 May 2025 – Pope Leo XIV has been elected as the new leader of the Catholic Church. The new Pope will have big shoes to fill. The sheer humanity of Pope Francis—who embraced the poor and downtrodden, comforted the sick, and worked tirelessly to help the victims of wars, from Gaza to Sudan, from Ukraine to the Democratic Republic of the Congo—will be hard to match. By all accounts, Pope Leo XIV will find his own way and his own voice as the new pontiff. At this critical moment, he must also follow in his predecessor’s footsteps to protect our planet from destructive human activities, including the launch of nuclear war.

Pope Francis left a mark on the Church and the world in a way that previous papacies may not have, and not only for the ease of communication and the endless access to his writings, photos, and videos. Images of the Pope embracing Vinicio Riva, who was severely ill with a rare genetic skin condition, in 2013, or crossing St. Peter’s Square alone in the midst of the pandemic in 2020, were shared all across the globe. They became symbols of unconditional love, especially for those least fortunate, and of our joint pain amidst the worldwide upheaval wrought by COVID-19.

War to Pope Francis was always a crime against humanity, a violation of our dignity, and a failure of diplomacy.

His Holiness made the news in other ways. He furthered the conversations about the role of women in the church, LGBTQ belonging, priest celibacy, and more. Caught between those who pushed him to do more on these issues and those who scolded him for even raising them, the pontiff stuck to unity in the church, while keeping the conversations going, rather than shutting them down. He was unapologetic about deploring war, wherever it had taken its ugly roots, and eager to build bridges where connections were tenuous, including between the U.S. and Cuba. He spoke for humanity and for peace, regardless of prevailing narratives, popularity, or politics. War to Pope Francis was always a crime against humanity, a violation of our dignity, and a failure of diplomacy.

Perhaps less widely covered, but arguably with furthest reaching impact, were his stances on the environment and nuclear disarmament. They should be a part of his enduring legacy and must be positions that Pope Leo XIV embraces wholeheartedly. There are many reasons why we humans need to protect the environment and why we need to eliminate nuclear weapons. They range from security to economy to human health. But the moral reasoning is strong, and Pope Francis was a superb messenger of this critical argument. His message must live on and be embraced most forcefully not just by the new pontiff, but also other interfaith leaders.

In his 2015 Encyclical Laudato Si, Pope Francis called for universal responsibility of all members of the human family to care for one another, the Earth and all creatures on it. Covering topics such as pollution, climate change, the issue of water, and the loss of biodiversity, Pope Francis seamlessly alternated between scientific evidence and ethical reasoning. He highlighted the human impact on the environment and other Earth inhabitants from the emissions of greenhouse gases that arise primarily from burning of fossil fuels, and that have warmed the globe by more than one degree Celsius over the past several decades. Speaking of the loss of species and the human role in the destruction of their ecosystems, such as forests and woodlands, the Pope wrote, “Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost forever. The great majority become extinct for reasons related to human activity. Because of us, thousands of species will no longer give glory to God by their very existence, nor convey their message to us. We have no such right.” Here was not just an argument based on self-preservation, ecosystem services provided to humans by intact nature, or dependence of future discoveries on conservation of existing ecosystems. Here was an argument that reached into the very essence of what it means to be human.

Francis understood that it’s not enough to just talk about these topics, but that action was sorely needed, from activities of well-meaning individuals to negotiations in the halls of the United Nations, and everywhere in between.

Pope Francis condemned nuclear weapons—even their existence, thereby introducing an urgent moral argument into the geopolitical considerations of all states, and most especially those that retain or rely on nuclear weapons for so-called security. He challenged the widespread notion that nuclear weapons keep us safe, arguing instead that the mere possession of these uniquely dangerous arms is immoral. He stated so in a Vatican conference in 2017, and then again in 2019, while visiting Hiroshima. He was a staunch supporter of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), a UN treaty that aims to eliminate all nuclear weapons from the face of the Earth. In fact, Holy See was the first States Party to the treaty, having signed and ratified it on September 20, 2017, the very first day that the TPNW was opened for signatures. In his message to the President of the First Meeting of States Parties, in June of 2022, Pope Francis stated that “a world free of nuclear weapons is both necessary and possible,” furthermore referring to existing disarmament treaties as “moral commitments.” He was supportive of not only the treaty’s elimination clauses, but also of its humanitarian provisions for victim assistance and environmental remediation. “Here my thoughts go to the Hibakusha, the survivors of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and to all the victims of nuclear arms testing,” the Pope emphasized, putting on display his seemingly boundless empathy.

Of course, Pope Francis did not bring these topics to the Catholic Church. From other Popes, to major Catholic thinkers, to dedicated clergy, Church leaders and followers have a long history of contributing to discourse on existential threats to planetary life, including from nuclear weapons. But the Pope set these topics ablaze during his time at the helm of the Catholic Church. On nuclear weapons, he did not equivocate or fall under the false spell of nuclear deterrence. He saw nuclear weapons for what they are, and he told us so in no uncertain terms, thus changing the Church’s official stance on nuclear weapons. Francis understood that it’s not enough to just talk about these topics, but that action was sorely needed, from activities of well-meaning individuals to negotiations in the halls of the United Nations, and everywhere in between.

There is much that Pope Leo XIV can do to advance a better world. But on the environment and nuclear weapons, following the path that Pope Francis blazed will be essential. Other religious and spiritual leaders should join him–as should we all.

Christian Ciobanu is the director of Policy and Advocacy at the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, Coordinator of Reverse the Trend, and a TPNW adviser to the Republic of Kiribati.

Ivana Nikolić Hughes is president of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and a Senior Lecturer in Chemistry at Columbia University.

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May 12, 2025
Event at Summit of the Future Days of Action – Envisioning Our Peace: Youth Voices on Nuclear Weapons, TPNW, and the Climate Crisis

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On Friday, September 20, 2024, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF) and its youth initiative, Reverse the Trend: Save Our People, Save Our Planet (RTT), hosted a pivotal nuclear disarmament event at the 2024 Summit of the Future in New York. Co-sponsored by the Republic of Kiribati, GeNuine, PeaceBoatUS, Soka Gakkai International, Association Katawara, Youth4TPNW, and ICAN, this event brought together a diverse array of voices, including diplomats, experts, activists, and individuals from communities affected by nuclear testing.

Held in Conference Room 12 at the United Nations Headquarters, the panel featured distinguished speakers who provided insight into the ongoing challenges and opportunities within nuclear disarmament. H.E. Ambassador Kairat Umarov of Kazakhstan and H.E. Ambassador Teburoro Tito of Kiribati delivered introductory remarks, underscoring the significance of the issue on a global scale, as well as their respective countries’ motivation and involvement, especially given their nuclear testing legacies.

Dr. Ivana Hughes and Christian Ciobanu from NAPF emphasized the critical link between nuclear weapons and the climate crisis, while Seth Shelden of ICAN discussed the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) and its role in advancing global disarmament. Yoshioka Tatsuya of Peace Boat highlighted the importance of education in the disarmament movement.

Youth empowerment was a central theme, with contributions from RTT representatives like Alei Rizvi, who discussed efforts to mobilize young people, and Maverick Peter Seda of RTT Pacific, who advocated for the Solomon Islands to ratify the TPNW. Additional perspectives were provided by Miyuki Horiguchi (Soka Gakkai International), Yuta Takashashi (Association Katawara), Yuki Tokuda (GeNuine), and Tinabora Ioane and Ereti Tekabaia from Kiritimati Island, who shared personal stories about the humanitarian impact of nuclear testing.

This event underscored the importance of collaborative efforts across generations and states to address the urgent need for nuclear disarmament and nuclear abolition.

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Panelists of diplomats and experts.

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Audience at United Nations Headquarters in New York, Conference Room 12.

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H.E. Ambassador Kairat Umarov of Kazakhstan delivers his introductory remarks.

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H.E. Ambassador Teburoro Tito of Kitibati delivers his introductory remarks.

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Dr. Ivana N. Hughes of NAPF highlights the nexus between nuclear weapons and the climate crisis.

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Christian N. Ciobanu of NAPF and RTT provides his remarks.

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Seth Shelden of ICAN discusses the significance of the TPNW.

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Yoshioka Tatsuya of Peace Boat highlights the importance of the treaty and Peace Boat’s role in disarmament education.

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Alei Rizvi of NAPF and RTT highlights our work on youth empowerment.

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Miyuki Horiguchi of Soka Gakkai International and Youth for TPNW shares her perspectives on the nuclear issue.

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Yuta Takashashi of Association Katawara shares his perspectives on a Japanese youth festival.

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Yuki Tokuda of GeNuine shares her perspectives on the gender perspectives of nuclear weapons.

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Maverick Peter Seda of RTT Pacific Chapter discusses why the Solomon Islands should sign and ratify the TPNW.

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Tinabora Ioane of Kirimati Island discusses the humanitarian impact of the nuclear tests.

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Ereti Tekabaia provides an overview of the Youth Forum in Kazakhstan.

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September 21, 2024
Expendable Lands and Colonial Legacies: Nuclear Testing in the Marshall Islands

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Nuclear colonialism refers to the practice whereby colonial powers choose territories inhabited by marginalized and indigenous populations to conduct nuclear testing with little regard for the effects on the local populations. The term encapsulates the colonialist view of Indigenous peoples and their territories as expendable. This attitude of expendability is foundational to colonialism and its legacies; nuclear colonialism represents one particularly dramatic phase in a lengthy, destructive history and its perpetuating legacy.

Beginning in 1945 and throughout the Cold War, over two thousand nuclear tests were conducted in various territories by various states, with the U.S. responsible for the majority of these tests. The U.S. Government’s process of selecting the Marshall Islands for nuclear testing reveals the colonialist attitudes that informed its decision. The search criteria required that the territory be remote, away from U.S. populations, and under U.S. control. When testifying to Congress, officials brazenly said of the site, “Above all, it had to be away from population centers of U.S. … and yet in an area controlled by the U.S.” The Marshall Islands fulfilled every criterion: a remote island archipelago in the Pacific Ocean under U.S. occupation since 1944, following two years in which the U.S. military transformed the territory into a battlefield while driving out the Japanese military administration. The U.S. wasted no time in using the already ravaged islands for military ends: on July 1, 1946—less than a year after the devastating nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki—the first peacetime nuclear test was conducted on Bikini Atoll. Between 1946 and 1958, the U.S. conducted 66 additional nuclear tests on the islands concentrated on two atolls, but the fallout blanketed many of the other 27 atolls that make up the Marshall Islands.

In 1947, the United Nations officially placed the Marshall Islands under the trusteeship of the U.S. The stipulations of this agreement included paradoxical obligations, spelled out in Articles 5 and 6 of the document. Article 5 obligated the U.S. to ensure the trust territory contributed to “the maintenance of international peace and security,” thus validating its use for military ends. Article 6, conversely, sets forth the obligations of the governing state to ensure and promote the governed territory’s independence, protection, and security. It explicitly states the obligation to “protect the inhabitants against the loss of their lands and resources.” While the agreement lacked explicit permission to use the territories for nuclear testing, both the broad administrative and military control it granted the U.S. and the narrative that the tests were imperative to national security justified the testing that took place. The known effects of nuclear testing meant that any nuclear explosions on the islands rendered the obligation from Article 6 impossible to uphold; in fact, any testing directly ensured the violation of the obligation. Not only have the Marshallese experienced devastating health consequences—including higher incidences of cancer—but significant radiological contamination remains on the islands, including in the locally grown foods, rendering parts of the Marshall Islands uninhabitable. This contamination robs displaced Marshallese people of the opportunity to safely inhabit their native lands and live according to their culture and tradition. Although certain compensation schemes have been set up over the last few decades, they remain egregiously inadequate to address the scale of the problem, including the devastating health impacts and the ongoing environmental challenges.

The Broader Context of U.S. Colonial Exploitation

The willingness of the U.S. to exploit the Marshall Islands under nuclear colonialism is only one piece of a vast colonial legacy. Since the 19th century, the U.S. has continuously annexed territories under conditions that sanction their exploitation, as evidenced by the U.S.’s acquisition of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines following the conclusion of the Spanish-American war in 1898. Shortly following the annexation of these territories, U.S. senator Albert Beveridge remarked “that God ‘has made us the master organizers of the world…that we may administer…among savages and senile peoples.’” After acquiring these territories, the Supreme Court ruled that they would remain under U.S. control as unincorporated territories in the Insular Cases. This served to prevent the full realization of constitutional rights for the citizens of these territories. In keeping the territories unincorporated, the U.S. retained plenary power over these regions, enabling them to implement policies and decisions without the consent of the governed. The strategic classification of the territories as constitutional exceptions was informed by the settler colonization of Native American peoples and territories and made on the basis that the inhabitants—like Native Americans—were “unfit for automatic citizenship or for territorial sovereignty.” The colonialist attitudes that informed the decision to deprive these territories of constitutional protections paved the avenue for their exploitation. Like all other colonized territories, Puerto Rico draws remarkable parallels to the Marshall Islands. Puerto Ricans posed minimal resistance to U.S. control in 1898 under the impression that U.S. occupation would facilitate their independence. However, U.S. interest in Puerto Rico was strategic, fueled by the compelling economic and military value the territory would provide. The region was ideal for expanding U.S. commercial and military reach.

In pursuit of these military and economic ends, the U.S. displaced Puerto Ricans, exploited their lands, and disrupted their ways of life. These actions have resulted in significant environmental damage and health issues, such as contamination of land and water sources, increased cancer rates, and other chronic illnesses among the local population. Today, the Marshall Islands and Puerto Rico remain hindered by their history of occupation. Both territories struggle to realize economic independence due to the systemic exploitation of their resources and people by colonial powers. Their ongoing economic challenges and public health crises result directly from the policies and actions of the U.S. and its failure to compensate the territories adequately.

This history of exploitation and disregard for Indigenous and marginalized populations underscores the broader patterns of colonialism that persist in various forms. Nuclear colonialism, as illustrated by the U.S. actions in the Marshall Islands, is a stark reminder of how colonial legacies continue to inflict harm and maintain inequities. Nuclear testing is extraordinary in the novelty and nature of the weapons and their effects but very typical in terms of how former colonial powers treat smaller populations and territories under their control—as expendable.

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August 19, 2024
NPT Review Conference Side Event on Nuclear Weapons and Climate Change

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On August 10, 2022, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, along with the Permament Missions to the UN of Kazakhstan and Kiribati, our youth initiative Reverse the Trend and our partners at the Marshallese Educational Initiative, and with financial support from the Prospect Hill Foundation, conducted a side event at the NPT Review Conference. The event focused on the twin existential crises of nuclear weapons and climate change and featured remarks by the Permament Representatives, Ambassador Teburoro Tito of Kiribati Ambassador Magzhan Ilyassov of Kazakhstan. Benetick Kabua Maddison from the Marshallese Educational Initiative and Alicia Sanders-Zakre from ICAN also participated in the panel, moderated by Christian N. Ciobanu, our Policy and Advocacy Coordinator. The event was well attended and generated excellent discussions and engagement from those in attendance. We are proud of all of the work that Christian and our interns did to make this event possible.

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August 11, 2022
Which Would You Prefer―Nuclear War or Climate Catastrophe?

To: The people of the world

From: The Joint Public Relations Department of the Great Powers

The world owes an enormous debt of gratitude to Donald Trump, Vladimir Putin, Xi Jinping, Narendra Modi, Boris Johnson, and other heroic rulers of our glorious nations. Not only are they hard at work making their respective countries great again, but they are providing you, the people of the world, with a choice between two opportunities for mass death and destruction.

Throughout the broad sweep of history, leaders of competing territories and eventually nations labored at fostering human annihilation, but, given the rudimentary state of their technology, were only partially successful. Yes, they did manage to slaughter vast numbers of people through repeated massacres and constant wars. The Thirty Years War of 1618-1648, for example, resulted in more than 8 million casualties, a substantial portion of Europe’s population. And, of course, World Wars I and II, supplemented by a hearty dose of genocide along the way, did a remarkably good job of ravaging populations, crippling tens of millions of survivors, and blasting much of world civilization to rubble. Even so, despite the best efforts of national rulers and the never-ending glory they derived from these events, large numbers of people somehow survived.

Therefore, in August 1945, the rulers of the great powers took a great leap forward with their development―and immediate use―of a new, advanced implement for mass destruction: nuclear weapons. Harry Truman, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin were all eager to employ atomic bombs against the people of Japan. Upon receiving the news that the U.S. atomic bombing of Hiroshima had successfully obliterated the population of that city, Truman rejoiced and called the action “the greatest thing in history.”

Efforts to enhance national grandeur followed during subsequent decades, as the rulers of the great powers (and some pathetic imitators) engaged in an enormous nuclear arms race. Determined to achieve military supremacy, they spared no expense, employed Nazi scientists and slave labor, and set off vast nuclear explosions on the lands of colonized people and in their own countries. By the 1980s, about 70,000 nuclear weapons were under their command―more than enough to destroy the world many times over. Heartened by their national strength, our rulers threw down the gauntlet to their enemies and predicted that their nations would emerge victorious in a nuclear war.

But, alas, the public, failing to appreciate these valiant efforts, grew restive―indeed, disturbingly unpatriotic. Accordingly, they began to sabotage these advances by demanding that their governments step back from the brink of nuclear war, forgo nuclear buildups, and adopt nuclear arms control and disarmament treaties. The popular clamor became so great that even Ronald Reagan―a longtime supporter of nuclear supremacy and “winnable” nuclear wars―crumpled. Championing nuclear disarmament, he began declaring that “a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought.” National glory had been sacrificed on the altar of a cowardly quest for human survival.

Fortunately, those days are long past. In the United States, President Trump is determined to restore America’s greatness by scrapping nuclear arms control and disarmament agreements, spending $1.7 trillion on refurbishing the entire U.S. nuclear weapons complex, and threatening to eradicate other nations through nuclear war. Meanwhile, the president’s good friends in Moscow, Beijing, London, Paris, New Delhi, and elsewhere are busy spurring on their own national nuclear weapons buildups. As they rightly insist: The only way to stop a bad nation with the Bomb is with a good nation with the Bomb.

Nor is that all! Recently, our rulers have opened up a second opportunity for a planetary destruction: climate catastrophe. Some scientists, never satisfied with leaving the running of public affairs to their wise rulers, have claimed that, thanks to the burning of fossil fuels, rising temperatures are melting the polar icecaps, heightening sea levels, and causing massive hurricanes and floods, desertification, agricultural collapse, and enormous wildfires. As a result, they say, human and other life forms are on their way to extinction.

These scientists―and the deluded people who give them any credence―are much like the critics of nuclear weapons: skeptics, nay-sayers, and traitorously indifferent to national grandeur. By contrast, our rulers understand that any curbing of the use of fossil fuels—or, for that matter, any cutbacks in the sale of the products that make our countries great―would interfere with corporate profits, undermine business growth and expansion, and represent a retreat from the national glory that is their due. Consequently, even if by some remote chance we are entering a period of climate disruption, our rulers will refuse to give way before these unpatriotic attacks. As courageous leaders, they will never retreat before the prospect of your mass death and destruction.

We are sure that you, as loyal citizens, are as enthusiastic as we are about this staunch defense of national glory. So, if you notice anyone challenging this approach, please notify your local Homeland Security office. Meanwhile, rest assured, our governments will also be closely monitoring these malcontents and subversives!

Naturally, your rulers would love to have your feedback. Therefore, we are submitting to you this question: Which would you prefer―destruction by nuclear war or destruction by climate catastrophe? Nuclear war will end your existence fairly quickly through blast or fire, although your death would be slower and more agonizing if you survived long enough to die of radiation sickness or starvation. On the other hand, climate catastrophe has appealing variety, for you could die by fire, water, or hunger. Or you might simply roast slowly thanks to unbearable temperatures.

We’d appreciate receiving your opinion on this matter. After all, providing you with this kind of choice is a vital part of making our nations great again!

November 25, 2019
Conference on the Nexus between Climate Change and International Security

On September 23rd, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and NYU UN Initiative co-hosted a conference regarding the nexus between climate change and global security. Prominent experts and youth activists, such as Dr. Tara Drozdenko, Managing Director of Nuclear Policy & Nonproliferation of the Outrider Foundation; Ms. Lovely Umayam, Founder of Bombshelltoe; Mr. Seth Shelden, the UN Liaison of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN); and Ms. Amanda Simonsen, a Youth Representative of Peace Boat US, shared their views on these two existential issues. The Nuclear Age Peace Foundation was represented on behalf of Mr. Christian N. Ciobanu, our New York and Youth Representative. Peace Boat US, Peace Action New York State, NYU International Relations Society, and NYU United Nations Initiative co-sponsored the event.

Dr. Drozdenko spoke candidly about the dangers of the receding ice caps in Greenland, which, as a result of climate change, will expose radioactive waste from the US that has been buried under the ice since the height of the Cold War. Further, she also discussed the “Castle Bravo” thermonuclear test, which caused significant radioactive fallout in the Marshall Islands. In order to “trap” the radiation, the US built the Runit Dome, which is slowly being cracked and worn down by the rising sea levels in the Pacific. She also discussed how the water crisis in Kashmir could exacerbate tensions between Pakistan and India, two nuclear-armed states.

Mr. Shelden introduced the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW). Mr. Shelden spoke about TPNW’s positive obligations, including its provisions on victim assistance and environmental remediation. Additionally, Mr. Shelden underscored the necessity for activists to broaden the climate crisis discussion to include the possibility of an abrupt nuclear winter. In this regard, he discussed how the effects of a limited nuclear war between India and Pakistan could impact the global surface temperature and cause a decline in food production that would put two billion people at risk.

Ms. Umayam shared her decision to engage with the Navajo communities living near contaminated uranium mines. She also presented her unique project, Ways of Knowing, in which she works with the Navajo communities to rebuild themselves through traditional storytelling and citizen science. This multimedia project reveals personal experiences and injustices linked to the enviromental impact of nuclear testing in order to understand the profound consequences of the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy. In essence, the project illustrates both the humanitarian and environmental impacts of nuclear weapons in the US and the necessity for citizens, especially those affected by nuclear weapons, to engage in the nuclear conversation. More information about the project can be found here.

Mr. Ciobanu was our penultimate speaker. He provided further insights on the exposure of nuclear waste from the dome in the Marshall Islands and described both the humanitarian and enviromentals impacts of nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands. He also shared Columbia University’s recent studies about a possible nuclear dumping site on Naen Island, Rongelap Atoll. He also detailed the works of Ms. Darlene Keju, Marshallese activist and educator; and Mr. Tony deBrum, former Marshallese politician, and their methods of disarmament activism. Mr. Ciobanu also highlighted deBrum’s strong leadership in the climate movement. Significantly, deBrum succeeded in forming the High Ambition Coalition, a coalition between developing and developed countries to hold global temperatures to a 1.5C increase. Mr. Ciobanu then placed a strong emphasis on youth involvement by showing a video featuring Ms. Kathy Jetnil Kijiner, a Marshallese youth activist, and explaining how students can be involved in both climate action and disarmament activism.

Ms. Simonsen wrapped up our event by highlighting Peace Boat US, a non-governmental organization that is focused on human rights, maintaining peace, and environmental protection. The organization hosts study programs, collaborates with Nobel Peace Laureates, and promotes peace education by having guest educators engage students in onboard activities, conferences, workshops, and cultural exchange opportunities. Moreover, as detailed by Ms. Simonsen, Peace Boat has oceans and climate youth ambassadors from Small Island Developing States (SIDS). These young people are on the frontlines of climate change and marine degradation. Several of them are also tackling the effects of nuclear testing in the South Pacific. Finally, Ms. Simonsen discussed Peace Boat’s “Youth for Disarmament,” a joint initiative with the UN Office for Disarmament Affairs.

October 2, 2019
Ten Ways that the Climate Crisis and Militarism Are Intertwined

The environmental justice movement that is surging globally is intentionally intersectional, showing how global warming is connected to issues such as race, poverty, migration and public health. One area intimately linked to the climate crisis that gets little attention, however, is militarism. Here are some of the ways these issues—and their solutions—are intertwined.

1. The US military protects Big Oil and other extractive industries. The US military has often been used to ensure that US companies have access to extractive industry materials, particularly oil, around the world.The 1991 Gulf War against Iraq was a blatant example of war for oil; today the US military support for Saudi Arabia is connected to the US fossil fuel industry’s determination to control access to the world’s oil. Hundreds of the US military bases spread around the world are in resource-rich regions and near strategic shipping lanes. We can’t get off the fossil fuel treadmill until we stop our military from acting as the world’s protector of Big Oil.

2. The Pentagon is the single largest institutional consumer of fossil fuels in the world. If the Pentagon were a country, its fuel use alone would make it the 47th largest greenhouse gas emitter in the world, greater than entire nations such as Sweden, Norway or Finland. US military emissions come mainly from fueling weapons and equipment, as well as lighting, heating and cooling more than 560,000 buildings around the world.

3. The Pentagon monopolizes the funding we need to seriously address the climate crisis. We are now spending over half of the federal government’s annual discretionary budget on the military when the biggest threat to US national security is not Iran or China, but the climate crisis. We could cut the Pentagon’s current budget in half and still be left with a bigger military budget than China, Russia, Iran and North Korea combined. The $350 billion savings could then be funnelled into the Green New Deal. Just one percent of the 2019 military budget of $716 billion would be enough to fund 128,879 green infrastructure jobs instead.

4. Military operations leave a toxic legacy in their wake. US military bases despoil the landscape, pollute the soil, and contaminate the drinking water. At the Kadena Base in Okinawa, the US Air Force has polluted local land and water with hazardous chemicals, including arsenic, lead, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), asbestos and dioxin.Here at home, the EPA has identified over 149 current or former military bases as SuperFund sites because Pentagon pollution has left local soil and groundwater highly dangerous to human, animal, and plant life. According to a 2017 government report, the Pentagon has already spent $11.5 billion on environmental cleanup of closed bases and estimates $3.4 billion more will be needed.

5. Wars ravage fragile ecosystems that are crucial to sustaining human health and climate resiliency. Direct warfare inherently involves the destruction of the environment, through bombings and boots-on-the-ground invasions that destroy the land and infrastructure. In the Gaza Strip, an area that suffered three major Israeli military assaults between 2008 and 2014. Israel’s bombing campaigns targeted sewage treatment and power facilities, leaving 97% of Gaza’s freshwater contaminated by saline and sewage, and therefore unfit for human consumption. In Yemen, the Saudi-led bombing campaign has created a humanitarian and environmental catastrophe, with more than 2,000 cases of cholera now being reported each day. In Iraq, environmental toxins left behind by the Pentagon’s devastating 2003 invasion include depleted uranium, which has left children living near US bases with an increased risk of congenital heart disease, spinal deformities, cancer, leukemia, cleft lip and missing or malformed and paralyzed limbs.

6. Climate change is a “threat multiplier” that makes already dangerous social and political situations even worse. In Syria, the worst drought in 500 years led to crop failures that pushed farmers into cities, exacerbating the unemployment and political unrest that contributed to the uprising in 2011. Similar climate crises have triggered conflicts in other countries across the Middle East, from Yemen to Libya. As global temperatures continue to rise, there will be more ecological disasters, more mass migrations and more wars. There will also be more domestic armed clashes—including civil wars—that can spill beyond borders and destabilize entire regions. The areas most at risk are sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and South, Central and Southeast Asia.

7. US sabotages international agreements addressing climate change and war. The US has deliberately and consistently undermined the world’s collective efforts to address the climate crisis by cutting greenhouse gas emissions and speeding the transition to renewable energy. The US refused to join the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and the Donald Trump’s withdrawal from the 2015 Paris Climate Accord was the latest example of this flagrant disregard for nature, science, and the future. Similarly, the US refuses to join the International Criminal Court that investigates war crimes, violates international law with unilateral invasions and sanctions, and is withdrawing from nuclear agreements with Russia. By choosing to prioritize our military over diplomacy, the US sends the message that “might makes right” and makes it harder to find solutions to the climate crisis and military conflicts.

8. Mass migration is fueled by both climate change and conflict, with migrants often facing militarized repression. A 2018 World Bank Group report estimates that the impacts of climate change in three of the world’s most densely populated developing regions—sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America—could result in the displacement and internal migration of more than 140 million people before 2050. Already, millions of migrants from Central America to Africa to the Middle East are fleeing environmental disasters and conflict. At the US border, migrants are locked in cages and stranded in camps. In the Mediterranean, thousands of refugees have died while attempting dangerous sea voyages. Meanwhile, the arms dealers fuelling the conflicts in these regions are profiting handsomely from selling arms and building detention facilities to secure the borders against the refugees.

9. Militarized state violence is leveled against communities resisting corporate-led environmental destruction. Communities that fight to protect their lands and villages from oil drills, mining companies, ranchers, agribusiness, etc. are often met with state and paramilitary violence. We see this in the Amazon today, where indigenous people are murdered for trying to stop clear-cutting and incineration of their forests. We see it in Honduras, where activists like Berta Caceres have been gunned down for trying to preserve their rivers. In 2018, there were 164 documented cases of environmentalists murdered around the world. In the US, the indigenous communities protesting plans to build the Keystone oil pipeline in South Dakota were met by police who targeted the unarmed demonstrators with tear gas, bean-bag rounds, and water cannons—intentionally deployed in below-freezing temperatures. Governments around the world are expanding their state-of-emergency laws to encompass climate-related upheavals, perversely facilitating the repression of environmental activists who have been branded as “eco-terrorists” and who are subjected to counterinsurgency operations.

10. Climate change and nuclear war are both existential threats to the planet. Catastrophic climate change and nuclear war are unique in the existential threat they pose to the very survival of human civilization. The creation of nuclear weapons—and their proliferation—was spurred by global militarism, yet nuclear weapons are rarely recognized as a threat to the future of life on this planet. Even a very “limited” nuclear war, involving less than 0.5% of the world’s nuclear weapons, would be enough to cause catastrophic global climate disruption and a worldwide famine, putting up to 2 billion people at risk. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists has set its iconic Doomsday Clock to 2 minutes to midnight, showing the grave need for the ratification of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. The environmental movement and the anti-nuke movement need to work hand-in-hand to stop these threats to planetary survival.

To free up billions of Pentagon dollars for investing in critical environmental projects and to eliminate the environmental havoc of war, movements for a livable, peaceful planet need to put “ending war” at the top of the “must do” list.

Medea Benjamin is co-founder of CODEPINK and a member of the NAPF Advisory Council.

This article was originally published by Common Dreams and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License.

September 30, 2019
Why Green New Deal Advocates Must Address Militarism

In the spirit of a new year and a new Congress, 2019 may well be our best and last opportunity to steer our ship of state away from the twin planetary perils of environmental chaos and militarism, charting a course towards an earth-affirming 21st century.

The environmental crisis was laid bare by the sobering December report of the UN Climate panel: If the world fails to mobilize within the next 12 years on the level of a moon shot, and gear up to change our energy usage from toxic fossil, nuclear and industrial biomass fuels to the already known solutions for employing solar, wind, hydro, geothermal energy and efficiency, we will destroy all life on earth as we know it. The existential question is whether our elected officials, with the reins of power, are going to sit by helplessly as our planet experiences more devastating fires, floods, droughts, and rising seas or will they seize this moment and take monumental action as we did when the United States abolished slavery, gave women the vote, ended the great depression, and eliminated legal segregation.

Some members of Congress are already showing their historic mettle by supporting a Green New Deal. This would not only start to reverse the damage we have inflicted on our collective home, but it would create hundreds of thousands of good jobs that cannot be shipped overseas to low wage countries.

Even those congresspeople who want to seriously address the climate crisis, however, fail to grapple with the simultaneous crisis of militarism. The war on terror unleashed in the wake of the 911 terrorist attack has led to almost two decades of unchecked militarism. We are spending more money on our military than at any time in history. Endless wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, Syria and elsewhere are still raging, costing us trillions of dollars and creating humanitarian disasters. Old treaties to control nuclear arms are unraveling at the same time that conflicts with the major powers of Russia and China are heating up.

Where is the call for the New Peace Deal that would free up hundreds of billions from the overblown military budget to invest in green infrastructure? Where is the call to close a majority of our nation’s over 800 military bases overseas, bases that are relics of World War II and are basically useless for military purposes? Where is the call for seriously addressing the existential threat posed by nuclear weapons?

With the crumbling phenomenon of outdated nuclear arms control treaties, it is unconscionable not to support the recently negotiated UN treaty, signed by 122 nations, to prohibit and ban nuclear weapons just as the world has done for chemical and biological weapons. The US Congress should not be authorizing the expenditures of one trillion dollars for new nuclear weapons, bowing to corporate paymasters who seek a larger arms race with Russia and other nuclear-armed countries to the detriment of our own people and the rest of the world. Instead, Congress should take the lead in supporting this treaty and promoting it among the other nuclear weapons states.

Environmentalists need to contest the Pentagon’s staggering global footprint. The US military is the world’s largest institutional consumer of fossil fuels and the largest source of greenhouse gasses, contributing about 5 percent of global warming emissions. Almost 900 of the EPA’s 1,300 Superfund sites are abandoned military bases, weapons-production facilities or weapons-testing sites. The former Hanford nuclear weapons facility in Washington state alone will cost over $100 billion to clean up.

If climate change is not addressed rapidly by a Green New Deal, global militarism will ramp up in response to increases in climate refugees and civil destabilization, which will feed climate change and seal a vicious cycle fed by the twin evils militarism and climate disruption. That’s why a New Peace Deal and a Green New Deal should go hand in hand. We cannot afford to waste our time, resources and intellectual capital on weapons and war when climate change is barreling down on all of humankind. If the nuclear weapons don’t destroy us than the pressing urgency of catastrophic climate will.

Moving from an economic system that relies on fossil fuels and violence would enable us to make a just transition to a clean, green, life-supporting energy economy. This would be the quickest and most positive way to deal a death knell to the military-industrial complex that President Eisenhower warned about so many years ago.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License

December 12, 2018