Nuclear Age Peace Foundation

Category: Nuclear Disarmament

  • Meeting with President of SGI

    Meeting with President of SGI

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    The meeting with the President of Soka Gakkai International Minoru Harada, August 18, 2025

    Report by Valeriya Zherebtsova and Kate Jang

    On August 18, 2025, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF) team visited the headquarters of Soka Gakkai International (SGI) in Tokyo. After a warm welcome by the youth of SGI, who stood at the entrance waving flags and calling out greetings, Dr. Ivana Hughes, President of NAPF, and Minoru Harada, President of SGI, sat down for a conversation about advancing nuclear disarmament.

    A central topic of discussion was the Toba Declaration, which was delivered by Josei Toba on September 8, 1957. This declaration calls for the total abolition of nuclear weapons, emphasizing disarmament as the only way to address the root of the problem. The declaration parallels NAPF’s mission to achieve a peaceful and just world free of nuclear weapons.

    Dr. Hughes and President Harada proceeded to discuss the moral and ethical obligations that all countries hold regarding nuclear weapons. This included the United States as the only country that used nuclear weapons in war, and Japan, as the only country that suffered atomic bombings during war. Japan’s responsibility, which is an unfair one, includes uplifting the voices of the hibakusha that still reside in the country. The stories of these hibakusha allow everyone to see the devastating consequences of nuclear weapons.

    Dr. Hughes and President Harada also discussed the lecture by the late President of SGI, Daisaku Ikeda, delivered at Teachers College in Columbia University on June 13, 1996. In his lecture, Ikeda spoke about the importance of education, which is a “source of inspiration that enables us to become fully and truly human, to fulfill a constructive mission in life with composure and confidence.” He believed that by educating young people about peace and promoting an idea of becoming a global citizen, we can make our world a better place.

    Lastly, Dr. Hughes and President Harada talked about the Choose Hope Symposium Declaration, which reinforces the importance of challenging the concept of deterrence, raising awareness of the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons, and advocating for nuclear justice.

    The meeting concluded with an expression of hope for future collaboration between NAPF and SGI toward achieving the ultimate goal – a world free of nuclear weapons.

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style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”below” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”center” caption_title=” ” caption_text=”The delegations from NAPF and Soka Gakkai International” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” 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  • Libya’s Decision to Give up the Bomb: The First Step Toward Regime Change?

    Libya’s Decision to Give up the Bomb: The First Step Toward Regime Change?

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    Article by Anderson Peck

    Confronted with the horrors of genocide, States claim “never again,” yet they remain gridlocked on issues of humanitarian intervention—where it should occur, how it should proceed, and under what authority is such action legitimate. In response to these questions, Gareth Evans and Mohamad Sahnoun published an article in 2002 entitled “The Responsibility to Protect (R2P),” in which they outline the need for intervention in the face of genocide and ethnic cleansing.[1] R2P calls on the international community to position humanitarian rights “not as an argument about the ‘right to intervene’ but about the ‘responsibility to protect.’”[2] NATO’s Kosovo intervention and the humanitarian crises of the 1990s cast doubt on the capacity of the United Nations to enforce humanitarian protections, prompting the endorsement of R2P in 2005 by UN member States. Unfortunately, the consequent implementation of R2P in 2011 inadvertently set the stage for the overthrow of Libya’s government and its ensuing chaos. The unintended consequences following the misapplication of the doctrine tarnished R2P’s international standing and emboldened a defense of nuclear weapons programs by isolated, authoritarian nations who cited them as a “deterrent” against the threat of regime change operations by Western governments.

    What Happened in Libya in 2011?

    In the eyes of many States, the risk posed to an intervening States personnel, together with the economic costs of any such operation, supplant any potential moral responsibility to act. However, R2P’s first real-world application proved to be a unique exception. In an operation designed to protect protestors at risk of human rights atrocities by the State’s dictator, Muammar al-Qaddafi, the UN Security Council (UNSC) passed Resolution 1973 on March 17, 2011, authorizing military intervention on humanitarian grounds.[3]

    Eight years after Libya’s government voluntarily dismantled its nuclear weapons program, NATO forces carried out the military operation in Libya with UNSC authorization. The intervention was not cautious or preventative, as instructed by R2P’s authors, but a hastily taken and poorly executed one.

    After seven months of military, financial, and strategic aid from NATO forces, Libyan rebels took control of the country and assassinated Qaddafi in October 2011. By May 2014, the State had devolved into a hotspot of terrorist activity, marred by a violent civil war.[4] What the operation possessed in virtue of its intention to minimize civilian casualties, it lacked in execution. The NATO coalition entrusted the fragile State to violent rebel groups, which was in effect an abdication of its responsibility to follow through on R2P’s project of protection.

    The “Case” for Nuclear Weapons

    American policy officials have frequently thrown out the term “Libya model,” in reference to the 2003 agreement whereby Libyan dictator Muammar Al-Qaddafi gave up his nuclear ambitions in exchange for sanctions relief.

    Since the 2011 intervention by the West in Libya, the case study on nuclear disarmament has instead come to signal the threat of regime change for the world’s isolated, authoritarian States. Only a week after the UNSC passed Resolution 1973, North Korea released a statement suggesting that Libya’s dismantlement of its nuclear weapons program had made it vulnerable to military intervention by the West.[5] It described the assassination and overthrow of Qaddafi as a “grave lesson” that must be heeded by States with nuclear ambitions. Though Libya and North Korea may appear similar at first glance, the conditions and rationale under which Qaddafi relinquished the program indicates important disparities between the two States.

    The True State of Libya’s Program

    Although Libya had pursued nuclear weapons since 1970 while simultaneously broaching negotiations with the West, in which its nuclear program would serve as a negotiating chip, the nuclear program was far from formidable by 2003. Beginning in the 1970s, Qaddafi routinely gave contradictory statements about weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), and in 1996, he signed the Treaty of Pelindaba, making Africa a nuclear-weapons-free zone—all while working toward a nuclear weapon.[6] However, the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Mohammed ElBaradei, described Libya’s nuclear program as being at an “early stage of development” after detailed inspections in 2003 in the wake of the State’s formal renunciation of its pursuit of WMDs. Only one week earlier, a Libyan envoy informed the IAEA that Libya had failed to construct an industrial-scale facility and produce any enriched uranium despite its more than decade-long effort towards developing a uranium enrichment capability. Qaddafi’s willingness to abandon Libya’s nuclear program therefore was not out of character, but a calculated decision based on a thoughtful study of nuclear armed nations and in the face of unique domestic tensions within Libya at the time.

    Libya’s Cost-Benefit Analyses and Domestic Unrest

    The Libyan government conducted cost-benefit analyses of pursuing a nuclear weapons program throughout the late 1980s and 1990s with a focus on deterrence. By the early to mid-1990s, the regime had begun to analyze the results of conflict between nuclear and non-nuclear powers. In Unclear Physics: Why Iraq and Libya Failed to Build Nuclear Weapons, Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer explains that Libyan officials recognized nuclear weapons as a “passive deterrent unable to yield positive results.”[7] They perceived conventional weapons as far more suitable than the “long-term” option of a nuclear weapons program.[8] Given regime sentiment toward nuclear weapons, the rudimentary nature of Libya’s nuclear program, and an abundance of domestic pressures between 1989 and 2003—a crumbling economy, an Islamist uprising, and global isolation by way of crippling sanctions—Qaddafi ultimately concluded that Libya’s security needs did not require a nuclear weapon, and he instead opted for global reintegration through the 2003 agreement.[9]

    Conclusion

    As the Responsibility to Protect doctrine runs the risk of sliding into irrelevance, fears over a potential nuclear war have only intensified with North Korea becoming the ninth nuclear-armed State. Despite commonplace misunderstandings to the contrary, the question of whether nuclear weapons serve as a deterrent against military aggression had no bearing in Libya’s decision to denuclearize in 2003. Despite his past pursuit of weapons of mass destruction, Qaddafi ultimately abandoned Libya’s nuclear program under rising domestic discontent and a rationale of pragmatism, a decision worthy of enduring praise.

    [/fusion_text][fusion_separator style_type=”default” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” flex_grow=”0″ top_margin=”” bottom_margin=”” width=”” height=”20″ alignment=”center” border_size=”” weight=”” amount=”20″ sep_color=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” icon=”” icon_size=”” icon_color=”” icon_circle=”” icon_circle_color=”” /][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” user_select=”” content_alignment_medium=”” content_alignment_small=”” content_alignment=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” fusion_font_family_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_text_font=”” font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” text_transform=”” text_color=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” logics=””]

    [1]Gareth Evans and Mohamed Sahnoun, “The Responsibility to Protect,” Foreign Affairs 81, no. 6, 106.

    [2]Gareth Evans and Mohamed Sahnoun, “The Responsibility,” 101.

    [3]Alan J. Kuperman, “Obama’s Libya Debacle: How a Well-Meaning Intervention Ended in Failure,” Foreign Affairs 94, no. 2, 66.

    [4]Alan J. Kuperman, “Obama’s Libya Debacle,” 68.

    [5]Brian Coquette, “The Wrong Model: Libya and the U.S.-North Korea Negotiations,” Columbia Journal of International Affairs, July 20, 2018.

    [6]Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer, Unclear Physics: Why Iraq and Libya Failed to Build Nuclear Weapons (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2016), 197.

    [7]Braut-Hegghammer, Unclear Physics, 199.

    [8]Braut-Hegghammer, Unclear Physics, 199.

    [9]Braut-Hegghammer, Unclear Physics, 196.

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  • A Nuclear Just Transition: Breaking the Political Economy of U.S. Nuclear Entrenchment

    A Nuclear Just Transition: Breaking the Political Economy of U.S. Nuclear Entrenchment

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    Article by David Shi

    Introduction: Defining Nuclear Entrenchment

    The American nuclear arsenal has been the central piece of defense policy for nearly eight decades. Yet, deterrence theory alone cannot fully explain this persistence of nuclear dominance, which endures as much from entrenched political and economic structures as from strategic necessity. It is, instead, a consequence of a broader political economy of nuclear entrenchment—a dynamic whereby strategic justifications, institutional momentum, spatial diffusion of rewards, and interdependence at the community level converge to maintain the arsenal. It is a process that must be reversed through a new strategy and redistribution of economic and social policy. Drawing from concepts in political economics and climate policy, this article is intended to provide a brief overview of the political economy issues surrounding U.S. nuclear entrenchment and provide possible pathways forward.

    Strategic Thinking and Its Implications

    The intellectual pillar of U.S. nuclear doctrine is deterrence: the assumption that a credible deterrent threat of retaliation will prevent adversaries from launching a first strike. This Cold War-era doctrine was employed to support a nuclear “triad” of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), and strategic bombers.

    Yet, deterrence is insufficient to account for the extent of U.S. modernization. New motives—China’s growing nuclear program, Russia’s modernization of its weaponry, and emerging technologies like cyberwarfare—have certainly propelled modernization. Strategy is half the answer, however. The political economy of U.S. nuclear policy creates greater policy lock-in than is needed.

    The Political Economy of Entrenchment: Government and Institutional Levels

    Path Dependence

    Nuclear programs are self-reinforcing once begun. Investments in silo, submarines, and labs are sunk costs and create bureaucratic constituencies. Abandoning these programs risks both financial waste and political backlash, and change is therefore costly. That is why path dependency is responsible for policies from decades ago—such as a triad—still dominating today’s political agenda.

    Geography and Congressional Politics

    Nuclear weapons programs employ people in congressional districts and states by the hundreds. Sentinel ICBMs support Wyoming, North Dakota, and Montana societies; submarine construction supports Virginia and Connecticut shipyards. This diffusion across space guarantees bipartisan support in Congress, even from members who doubt the nuclear doctrine. Nuclear expenditure then disguises itself under the cover of national defense as an unofficial regional development agenda by way of “militarized Keynesianism”

    In thinking of members of Congress as rational “single-minded seekers of reelection,” it becomes clear why these programs persist: they provide jobs, contracts, and local prestige that representatives can point to as tangible benefits for constituents. Once provided, on the other hand, the political backlash is much more likely to be felt, thus pushing the U.S. towards dangerous modernization spending.

    Budgetary Myopia

    Whereas stockpile modernization is a negligible share of total defense spending, its impact is multiplied by exploding overall military budgets. Nuclear spending is discretionary and classified, and asymmetrical information enables the nuclear complex to appropriate funds with little transparency and therefore weaker coalitions of opposition. This process, in turn, further entrenches nuclear weapons and squeezes out social programs.

    Human Capital Lock-In: Worker and Community Levels

    The nuclear complex is not only machines and missiles but also people. National Laboratories, such as Los Alamos and Livermore, and missile bases across the Great Plains, rely on highly specialized workers whose expertise is tailored specifically to nuclear systems. These skills are not easily transferable. For communities and local economies that have grown around these facilities, dependence on federal contracts makes alternatives difficult.

    This creates a classic case of concentrated benefits and diffuse costs: communities with direct economic stakes in nuclear programs fiercely defend them and make their positions known to their political representatives, while the broader population—who ultimately pay through taxes—remain disengaged or uninformed.

    The Social Opportunity Costs of U.S. Nuclear Modernization

    Over the next 30 years, the U.S. is currently projected to spend upwards of $1.7 trillion on nuclear modernization, including upgrading warheads, delivery systems, and supporting nuclear infrastructure. While modernization makes us minimally “safer” it also results in a stark tradeoff when considering the social policy benefits that could have been funded:

    Education

    Healthcare

    • The 10-year cost of modernization far exceeds the projected cost of expanding Medicaid to cover every uninsured American.
    • Roughly $10 billion (Same cost as a single new nuclear submarine) could finance community health centers serving 20 million additional patients annually.

    Housing and Poverty Reduction

    • Redirecting a decade of nuclear modernization could virtually eliminate homelessness in the U.S., given estimates that ending chronic homelessness would require about $10 billion annually.
    • $100 billion (two years of nuclear spending) could lift millions of children out of poverty if invested in Child Tax Credit expansions.

    From Climate to Nuclear: Constructing an Equitable Transition

    In climate politics, the concept of the “just transition” recognizes that decarbonization is bound to fail unless societies and workforces reliant upon fossil fuels are uplifted and empowered. Likewise, nuclear disarmament will not succeed without a substitute source of livelihood to offer. Nuclear establishment dismantlement will dismantle entrenched regional economies and elite networks, provoking resistance. Indeed, examples from around the world, such as France’s Yellow Vest Protests in 2018, show the political backlash that erupts when governments attempt to phase out entrenched sectors without providing adequate compensation or alternatives.

    In this way, greater investments in social protection can help transition the U.S. into a compensatory state, supporting the communities that financially depend on nuclear modernization and helping the transition toward disarmament. A just nuclear transition would involve investment in worker guarantees, retraining of workers laid off from nuclear jobs, and social protection. There are lessons to learn from elsewhere in the world: Indonesia’s reform of fuel subsidies, for example, redirected tens of billions of dollars toward social programs and infrastructure. By pairing subsidy cuts with targeted cash transfers, the government mitigated political backlash and maintained stability, offering lessons for how economic transitions can be managed fairly.” Nuclear retrenchment can similarly accompany compensation and reskilling policy to ensure that communities are not abandoned.

    Policy Directions Forward and Conclusion

    Disarmament must come to be redefined as not just a requirement of security but also a product of the U.S.’s distinct political economy. To break this cycle of wasteful nuclear modernization that pushes the world closer and closer to nuclear annihilation, new coalitions must arise, bringing together peace activism alongside labor, climate justice, and social policy campaigns. Along with compensatory social investment, policymakers can defeat the economic as well as political origins of nuclear lock-in. Ultimately, a nuclear just transition  envisions disarmament not as a loss, but as a redistribution: away from entrenched defense interests and toward communities, workers, and social policies that build genuine security.

    needs to be defined

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  • The Silent Fallout: The Legacy of Soviet Nuclear Testing in Kazakhstan and Its Modern-Day Impacts

    The Silent Fallout: The Legacy of Soviet Nuclear Testing in Kazakhstan and Its Modern-Day Impacts

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    Article by Dinmukhammed  Kairolda

    How has Soviet nuclear testing at the Semipalatinsk Test Site shaped Kazakhstan’s public health, national identity, and global disarmament stance in the post-independence era?

    Introduction

    From 1949 to 1989, the Soviet Union carried out 456 nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk Test Site, also known as the  Polygon, in northern Kazakhstan. Selected for its geographical remoteness and its subservience to Moscow, it was one of the most intensively used nuclear testing grounds on the planet. Over the course of four decades, the explosions irradiated an estimated 1.5 million individuals, frequently without alert or protection. Fallout poisoned land, water, and air, bequeathing a legacy of cancers, birth defects, and intergenerational trauma.

    The cessation of testing in 1991 was contemporaneous with a renewed national consciousness of this history. During the final Soviet years, the Nevada–Semipalatinsk Movement, initiated by poet and parliamentarian Olzhas Suleimenov, organized popular resistance to nuclear testing. One of the initial mass civic movements in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, it was directly responsible for the shutdown of the site. Its impact was felt globally, putting Kazakhstan on the international disarmament agenda while generating a domestic identity based on peace and resistance.

    This article considers the effects of Soviet nuclear testing at Semipalatinsk in three areas: public health, international diplomacy, and national identity. Based on historical research, policy reports, scientific studies, and opinion surveys distributed to young Kazakhs, the article examines how Kazakhstan turned its nuclear past into both an opportunity for global leadership and a source of national unity.

    Public Health and Environmental Impacts

    The human impact of nuclear testing in Semipalatinsk continues to be significant. From 1949 to 1989, regional populations were subjected to ongoing radioactive contamination with little protection. Radioactive soil, water, and air have had long-lasting consequences spanning generations, such as increased cancer rates, birth defects, immune disorders, and mental trauma (PMC, 2017).

    These are not just statistics and numbers but experienced truths. One survivor remembered: “After the tests, there were awful headaches[…] children were born abnormally. There were a lot of cases of cancer.” Survey evidence corroborates this general impression: 94% of those questioned think testing did great harm to public health, and more than 91% know about the existence of the site (Figure 1).

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    Figure 1 above shows the answers to the question, ”How much do you think the nuclear tests have affected the health of local people?” from the Survey “Public Opinion on Kazakhstan’s Nuclear Legacy.”

    Although the government has recognized this legacy and issued targeted support, healthcare assistance and compensation remain insufficient. The nuclear legacy continues to have health consequences on a large population of Kazakhstan’s citizens, as well as the wider moral and political terrain on the country as a whole.

    Nevada–Semipalatinsk Movement: Civil Mobilization and Moral Authority

    In February 1989, at a televised poetry reading in Almaty, Olzhas Suleimenov demanded the immediate suspension of nuclear testing. His appeal gained momentum with the formation of the Nevada–Semipalatinsk Movement, which brought together Kazakh and American anti-nuclear activists. Hundreds of thousands of citizens, scientists, artists, and ecologists participated in peaceful protests for two years, shutting down the Semipalatinsk complex even before Kazakhstan declared independence (Astana Times, 2021).

    The importance of this grassroots movement is not solely due to the outcome of shutting down of the Semipalatinsk Test Site, but also as that of the Soviet Kazakhstan first experiencing civic activism. Activists such as Sultan Kartoev and Kairat Umarov describe in interviews how moral indignation and collective action combined broke through the cover-up of the Soviet nuclear program (Astana Times, 2019).The movement also exposed Kazakhstan to the global anti-nuclear debate, opening opportunities to advocate for disarmament across national borders.

    In spite of the focus of subsequent state reports on regional measures, the movement is a good example of peaceful resistance and civic courage, illustrating the potential of grassroots efforts to shape Kazakhstan’s future after the Soviet period.

    Kazakhstan’s Role in Global Disarmament

    Kazakhstan’s disarmament leadership in the world is based on its firsthand experience of the ravages of nuclear testing. Following independence, it was the first to shut down a principal test site and voluntarily give up one of the world’s largest inherited nuclear arsenals, establishing a precedent that security and sovereignty were compatible with disarmament. In a detailed and comprehensive account entitled The Atomic Steppe, Dr. Togzhan Kassenova describes both the effort to end nuclear testing, as well as to transfer the approximately one thousand weapons that Kazakhstan inherited after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Today, Kazakhstan is an active promoter of non-proliferation. It was among the first signatories of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) and has chaired TPNW significant forums, including the Third Meeting of States Parties (3MSP) to the TPNW in 2025. As co-chair, with Kiribati, of the Working Group on Articles 6 and 7, it has influenced international norms for victim assistance and environmental remediation. Kazakhstan also chaired the 2024 Preparatory Committee for the 11th Review Conference of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

    In addition to the work in ongoing multilateral disarmament processes, Kazakhstan and Kiribati introduced a historic resolution on nuclear justice at the 2023 Session of the UNGA First Committee. This was the first resolution that called upon member-states to submit their views on victim assistance and environmental remediation to the Secretary-General. A subsequent resolution in 2024 calls for the Secretary-General to convene an international meeting on victim assistance and environmental remediation at an appropriate time in 2026. (Nuclear Justice Resolution 2024)

    Public opinion is consistent with this foreign policy: 74.3% of the respondents approve of Kazakhstan’s leadership in disarmament, and 77.1% are in favor of a worldwide prohibition of nuclear weapons (Figures 2 and 3). These findings indicate that the state’s position on nuclear disarmament is based on both strategic interests and collective memory.

    [/fusion_text][fusion_imageframe image_id=”30419|full” aspect_ratio=”” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”center” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”” caption_text=”” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Intern-article-fig-2.png[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” user_select=”” content_alignment_medium=”” content_alignment_small=”” content_alignment=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” fusion_font_family_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_text_font=”” font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” text_transform=”” text_color=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” logics=””]

    Figure 2, shows  answers from the question, ”How much do you think the nuclear tests have affected the health of local people?” from the Survey “Public Opinion on Kazakhstan’s Nuclear Legacy.”

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    Figure 3, shows the responses from the question, ”How much do you think the nuclear tests have affected the health of local people?” from the Survey “Public Opinion on Kazakhstan’s Nuclear Legacy.”

    National Identity and Collective Memory

    The heritage of Semipalatinsk has become a central element of Kazakhstan’s national identity. Defined as a “national tragedy,” it is used as a moral foundation for post-Soviet values and as a narrative of the shift from victimization to leadership. According to Nazerke Kanatbekova, state media, such as the 2020 TV series Polygon, often emphasizes the role of political leaders in ending the testing and underestimates the role of grassroots activism. This is symptomatic of a top-down approach to nation building.

    There are also differences of generation in remembering. Older witnesses remember more diplomatic triumphs and acts of heroism, while younger participants, especially from traumatized areas, are recording emotional responses to trauma but lack an abundance of detailed history. Memorials such as Stronger than Death and nationwide commemorations establish connections between former suffering and present responsibility.

    Opinion surveys indicate that 70.6% of the interviewed persons believe Kazakhstan’s nuclear past continues to be important to national identity (Figure 2). How the city of Semipalatinsk was transformed from a place of silence to a sign of survival attests to the fact that the collective memory may both serve as a warning and a site of civic unity.

    [/fusion_text][fusion_imageframe image_id=”30421|full” aspect_ratio=”” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”center” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”” caption_text=”” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Intern-article-fig-4.png[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” user_select=”” content_alignment_medium=”” content_alignment_small=”” content_alignment=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” fusion_font_family_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_text_font=”” font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” text_transform=”” text_color=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” logics=””]

    Figure №4, shows Pie chart, answers to the question, ”Do you believe that Kazakhstan’s history with nuclear weapons influences its national identity today?” from the Survey “Public Opinion on Kazakhstan’s Nuclear Legacy.

    Conclusion

    The Soviet nuclear testing legacy of Kazakhstan continues to impact its public health, identity, and foreign policy. The Nevada–Semipalatinsk Movement is the quintessential example of how civil society can convert national disaster into international activism.

    Kazakhstan’s rapid ratification of the TPNW and leadership within disarmament communities are expressions of an experience driven by principled foreign policy. Under President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Kazakhstan has continued to play its role as a strong supporter of nuclear non-proliferation and humanitarian resolution of nuclear legacies.

    From a nuclear testing site to a global leader in disarmament, Kazakhstan’s transformation is a lesson in integrity and moral responsibility, demonstrating that a country can reconcile the legacy of pain with a vision for a nuclear-weapon-free world.

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  • The Toxic Legacy: French Nuclear Testing in Algeria’s Sahara Desert

    The Toxic Legacy: French Nuclear Testing in Algeria’s Sahara Desert

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    Article by Baya Attard

    On the morning of February 13, 1960, a plutonium-filled atomic bomb detonated in the vast expanse of Algeria’s Sahara Desert. The explosion of “Blue Jerboa,” as the French military named this bomb, sent a mushroom cloud towering into the sky, with the extreme heat transforming the surrounding sand into black, glassy shards. Within 45 minutes of the blast, French President Charles de Gaulle triumphantly declared, “Hoorah for France. This morning she is stronger and prouder.”

    This moment marked the beginning of one of the most troubling chapters in colonial and post-colonial history, a six-year period during which France conducted 17 nuclear weapons tests in the Algerian Sahara, leaving behind a toxic legacy that continues to poison relations between the two nations and devastate local communities more than six decades later.

    Colonial Violence Extends Beyond Independence

    The French nuclear testing program in Algeria represents a particularly stark example of the persistence of colonial violence even after the colonial relationship formally ends. What makes this case especially egregious is that most of these tests, 13 of the 17, occurred after Algeria had achieved independence in 1962, following a brutal eight-year war of liberation. The newly independent Algerian government was forced to accept a five-year lease allowing France to continue using the Saharan test sites, a concession they had long resisted but were compelled to make as part of the Evian Accords that ended the war.

    The first test, Blue Jerboa, was three times more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki in 1945. General Charles Ailleret, who commanded the operation, justified the location by claiming that “the total absence of all signs of life” made it ideal for nuclear testing. This assertion was demonstrably false. The town of Reggane, located just 50 kilometers from the test site, had more than 6,000 inhabitants at the time of the first detonation, according to local activist Abderrahmane Toumi, who founded a charity to support radiation victims.

    Between 1960 and 1961, France conducted four atmospheric tests near Reggane in southwestern Algeria. When international criticism mounted, as radioactive fallout was detected as far away as Senegal, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, and Sudan, the French military moved operations 700 kilometers east to the Hoggar mountain range near In Ekker, where a further 13 underground tests took place through 1966.

    Widespread Exposure and Lasting Contamination

    The scale of exposure was enormous. French operations employed 6,500 engineers, soldiers, and researchers alongside 3,500 Algerian manual laborers. Beyond these workers, thousands more were exposed to radiation, including local Tuareg populations who had lived in the region for generations. The entire Sahara region was blanketed with nuclear fallout, with elevated atmospheric radioactivity detected as far as Khartoum in Sudan, more than 3000 kilometers from the test sites.

    Even the supposedly safer underground tests proved catastrophic. During the “Beryl” test, the underground shaft was improperly sealed, spewing radioactive matter into the atmosphere and heavily contaminating nine soldiers and numerous government officials who had been invited to observe the blast. As scholar Jill Jarvis notes, “Radioactive dust still emanates from the Sahara, from those nuclear bombs, whose effects are absolutely indelible. In this sense, even the sand itself has been occupied by colonial occupation.”

    Local researchers estimate that thousands of Algerians have suffered from the effects of nuclear radiation across the Saharan region. Many contaminated individuals died from what they were told were “rare illnesses,” without ever learning the true nature of their conditions. The long-term health effects began manifesting approximately 20 years after the first test and continue to affect new generations.

    Mohamed Mahmoudi, a 49-year-old activist who believes he was exposed to radiation during military service near Reggane in the early 1990s, exemplifies the ongoing impact. He reports that authorities never informed him of the radiation risks, leaving him and others to discover the dangers only after developing health problems. Despite his efforts to document over 800 eligible compensation cases, he himself does not qualify for French compensation due to restrictive criteria.

    The Failure of Justice

    The inadequacy of France’s response to this humanitarian crisis is staggering. In 2010, the French parliament passed the Morin law, theoretically offering compensation to nuclear testing victims. However, the law’s restrictive requirements, including proof of residency during the testing period and recognition of only certain illnesses, have effectively excluded most Algerian victims. As of 2021, only one of 545 people who received compensation was Algerian, with the remainder being from French Polynesia, where France conducted nuclear tests from 1966 until 1996.

    The 2021 Stora report, commissioned by French President Emmanuel Macron to improve Franco-Algerian relations, addressed the nuclear issue but offered only vague proposals for joint cleanup efforts without concrete commitments to compensation or full site decontamination. As Mohamed Mahmoudi wryly observed, “Stora is like a tailor. He sewed up exactly what France needs.”

    Perhaps most troubling, many contaminated sites remain under the surface, and the Algerian government never received complete maps of the French experiments. Abderrahmane Toumi emphasizes this ongoing danger: “There is nuclear waste underground and we do not even know where it is located. Patients simply want to live in their hometowns without nuclear waste, that is all.”

    A Pattern of Nuclear Colonialism

    The French nuclear testing program in Algeria must be understood within the broader context of what scholars call “nuclear colonialism,” the systematic use and destruction of Indigenous and minority communities for uranium mining, weapons testing, and waste storage. From the American Southwest to the Pacific Islands to the Australian Outback, nuclear powers have consistently imposed the most dangerous aspects of their weapons programs on marginalized populations.

    This pattern reflects how former colonial powers cemented their claims to global political influence through nuclear weapons programs, even as they transferred the greatest risks and costs to their former colonies and Indigenous communities. The disproportionate impact on Black, Indigenous, and communities of color worldwide reveals the deeply racist foundations underpinning a world awash in nuclear weapons.

    The Ongoing Struggle for Justice

    Today, the fight for transparency and justice continues. Algerian military leaders have called on France to acknowledge its historic responsibilities and comply with the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, which was negotiated in 2017 and which calls on nuclear powers to address past harms. Local activists continue documenting cases and demanding site cleanup and fair compensation.

    The toxic legacies of nuclear weapons and colonialism are inseparable. As the nuclear age began during the collapse of formal empires, post-colonial states inherited not only political independence but also the devastating environmental and health consequences of their former colonizers’ weapons programs. Truly ending the ongoing effects of colonialism requires not only acknowledging these historical injustices but taking concrete steps toward abolishing nuclear weapons and restoring justice for all those impacted by their existence.

    The radioactive sand of the Sahara continues to blow across North Africa, carrying with it the indelible marks of colonial violence and serving as a reminder that the promise of decolonization remains unfulfilled so long as communities continue to suffer from the toxic legacy of nuclear weapons testing. Until France fully acknowledges its responsibilities and takes meaningful action to address the ongoing contamination in Algeria, the mushroom cloud that rose over Reggane in 1960 will continue to cast its shadow over Franco-Algerian relations and the health of Saharan communities.

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  • 80 Years Since the U.S. Bombings of of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

    80 Years Since the U.S. Bombings of of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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    80 Years Since the U.S. Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

    August 8, 2025 | Tower 49, 18th Floor, 12 E 49th St

    On August 8, 2025, over 50 attendees gathered to mark the 80th anniversary of the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The event was sponsored by the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF), its youth initiative, Reverse The Trend (RTT),  Peace Boat U.S., and NYU Japanese Cultural Association (JCA). They presented video messages from Setsuko Thurlow, a hibakusha, anti-nuclear activist, and retired social worker; the Nagasaki Youth Delegation; and Seth Shelden, General Counsel and UN Liaison at ICAN. Moderated by NAPF’s Policy and Advocacy Director, Christian N. Ciobanu, the event featured live speakers such as Rooj Ali, RTT Canada Youth Coordinator and Youth Mentor of RTT; Sydney Taylor, Youth for SDGs Scholar and Peace Boat US intern; Lily Stewart, President of the NYU Japanese Cultural Association (JCA); Yulianna Acuña, Youth Adviser of RTT; and Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes, President of NAPF. In addition to listening to powerful testimonies, attendees took part in paper crane building and a moment of silence led by a youth from Kazakhstan. 

    Setsuko Thurlow

    Setsuko Thurlow, a hibakusha — a survivor of the atomic bombing in Hiroshima — recounted her experience in the aftermath. At the time of the bombing, she was just 13 years old, an eighth-grade student assigned to the Hiroshima Army Headquarters to learn the decoding system. Suddenly, she saw a blue and white flash in the window and lost consciousness. “When I regained consciousness,” Thurlow recounted, “I found myself in that total darkness, in silence. I knew I faced death, I thought.”

    “Some survivors said they envied the dead because survival in the aftermath was very painful; starvation and social discrimination spread,” Thurlow said, “But the hardest thing for survivors to face was how oppressive American occupation was. More painful than the bombings themselves, Thurlow explained, was the U.S. occupation’s censorship and exploitation, promising medical help but instead using survivors for research, suppressing reports of nuclear suffering, and forcing Japan to buy back confiscated survivor testimonies decades later.

    Calling the bombing “a carefully planned preparation for a nuclear age,” Thurlow strongly condemned the killing of “hundreds of thousands of innocent civilians, not combatants,” as a violation of the rules of war even then. She continued with a message to the youth in the audience: “I urge you. Open the history book. Know what happened and know that it was planned. You must carry this truth forward, because soon, there will be no one left to tell it.” Her closing plea was simple: “Never again. Not just here, but everywhere”

    Nagasaki Youth Delegation 

    The Nagasaki Youth Delegation called on youth to follow in the example of survivors by inheriting and passing on their memories. It emphasized the importance of understanding the extent of the damage inflicted upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki, insisting that “we must never forget this tragic history and continue to strive to ensure that it is never repeated.” 

    Addressing young people, the Nagasaki Youth Delegation advanced a cross-border coalition “to achieve the shared goal of eliminating nuclear weapons.” It closed by calling for peace through a collective effort: “Through learning together, engaging in dialogue, and taking action side by side, we can leave a future filled with hope.”

    Seth Shelden 

    Seth Shelden of ICAN began by honoring the hibakusha, whose “average age is now 86 years old” and whose firsthand testimonies “we can’t expect to have much longer”. Shelden stressed that is up to younger generations to carry forward their memory. He critiqued the narrative that nuclear weapons are instruments that provide security, explaining, “They aren’t—they’re indiscriminate, horrific, immoral, and illegal weapons that threaten everything that everyone that you have ever loved.”

    Shelden argued that youth involvement is crucial because “they will inherit the planet, inherit these crises” and because ionizing radiation particularly damages rapidly dividing cells, making young people and pregnant women particularly vulnerable.” Shelden concluded his remarks by affirming, “The TPNW is the solution. With half of the world’s countries having already joined, it’s not a question of whether these countries will join. It’s simply a question of whether they will join before or after a great catastrophe”.

    Rooj Ali 

    Rooj Ali, Youth Coordinator and Youth Mentor of RTT Canada, began by reflecting on her introduction to nuclear disarmament advocacy at only 15 years old. Having endured civil war as a refugee from Syria before arriving in Canada, an experience which left a sense of helplessness, Rooj praised disarmament work as “something that I could do, yet something that I was so incredibly horrified by, especially considering how underrepresented it was.” 

    Rooj rebuked the lack of public knowledge on nuclear issues as an “intentional” lapse in education so as not to arouse anger and a “sense of horror” in people. Without an incentive to act, individuals routinely neglect the nuclear issue, the legacy of which “extends across the world into so many families, environments and generations.”

    Emphasizing the interconnected nature of nuclear weapons and other pressing issues, particularly the climate crisis, Rooj explained that “as we really look around us, we come to understand that this topic affects all of us.” 

    Sydney Taylor

    Sydney Taylor, a Peace Boat US intern and youth scholar for the UN Sustainable Development Goals, shared how her family’s history fuels her commitment to nuclear abolition. “My grandma, or Baba, grew up in Japan during World War II,” she said, recalling how her great-aunt was “walking to work when the atom bomb went off” in Hiroshima while five months pregnant, later dying from radiation poisoning. 

    Through Peace Boat, Taylor met survivors of the atomic bombings like Mr. Ito, who was “five years old and playing outside when the atomic bomb dropped,” and Ms. Rumi, who was ostracized because radiation illnesses were wrongly believed to be contagious. “Both survivors”, Taylor said, are dedicated to educating people about the atrocities of nuclear weapons and the need for abolition. She urged action through the Hibakusha Appeal, “calling on all nations to conclude a treaty to ban nuclear weapons,” and criticized unequal treatment of survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Taylor closed her remarks with a call for a future where nothing like this ever happens again. 

    Lily Stewart 

    Lily Stewart, President of the NYU JCA, guided the audience through a beautiful story of personal discovery that began when she was nine years old. After visiting the Hiroshima memorial, Lily “couldn’t sleep for days,” struck with “utter terror [and] devastation.” Lily now counts herself lucky to have the very nightmares that once left her stricken with fear. “The truth is,” she explained, “my nightmares were someone’s reality. And not just someone, but over 200,000 people.” 

    For Lily, the atomic bombs were not a story, but a reality she only came to understand when she was nine. Through discussions with her grandmother, Lily learned that her great-grandmother rushed to Nagasaki as a volunteer nurse after the bombing and later died from the radiation of the atomic bomb.

    Lily concluded with a simple yet powerful testament to remembrance, “one of the most powerful abilities we have as humans.” 80 years ago, the world witnessed the horrors of human capability. But “the past is not just a lesson. It is a call to action, a reminder that what happened before can’t happen again unless we stand together to prevent it.” 

    Yulianna Acuña 

    Yulianna Acuña, an RTT adviser, began by noting the efforts of survivors to share their stories in hopes of disarmament. Acuña noted, “We’ve made progress, but not enough,” with nations still holding thousands of warheads and arms control treaties collapsing. Acuña criticized the $2 trillion U.S. nuclear modernization plan, asking ““Why are we planning for nuclear conflicts decades from now while failing to address urgent challenges like climate change or inequality?” She stressed that “everyone faces the consequences of nuclear war, so everyone deserves a voice,” especially youth, who “will inherit the consequences of today’s decisions.”

    Acuña continued by expressing hope for hope and providing a call to action. “Youth will carry the human legacy forward,” she said, ‘Youth must fight for a future free from something we never requested.” Sharing the story of Sadako Sasaki, a young Hiroshima survivor who folded paper cranes while dying of leukemia, Acuña invited attendees to fold origami cranes in memory of the survivors and the fight for disarmament. The cranes, she explained, are “your commitment to the vision” of a nuclear-free world. Closing, Yulianna said, “Peace is not something we just hope for. It is something we build step by step.”

    Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes

    Dr. Ivana Hughes, President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, began her remarks in forceful condemnation of the nine nuclear weapons states that collectively possess 12,500 nuclear warheads. Addressing those billionaires who build underground bunkers in New Zealand in the case of nuclear war, Dr. Hughes offered a simple message: “They’ll have to come out on the surface. They’ll run out of food and this will be a completely different world. This will be a world that is quite simply destroyed.” 

    Referring to the work of American historian and professor at American University, Peter Kuznick, Dr. Hughes discussed the decision to use the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Prof. Kuznick found that seven out of eight five-star officers in 1945 stated that the bombings were either unnecessary or immoral or both. “This was quite simply a decision that never should have taken place,” Dr. Hughes declared. 

    Throughout its more than four decades of existence, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation has believed in the power of arts. Co-Founder and President Emeritus, the late David Krieger, wrote several books of poetry. In a touching moment, Dr. Hughes revealed her own foray into the arts. After returning from a walk through the hills of Nagasaki last year, she wrote a poem on her experience, entitled The Hills of Nagasaki.

    “The hills call me to witness, not just their pain, but also their pain, ” began Dr. Hughes’s poem. 

    Concluding Remarks 

    The event closed with a shared sense of urgency and responsibility. Speakers from across generations and continents underscored that remembrance must be paired with action. The testimonies and stories shared made clear that the legacy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is not just history, but a call to ensure that such devastation never happens again. 

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  • 31st Annual Sadako Peace Day

    31st Annual Sadako Peace Day

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    In remembrance of 80 years since the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation hosted its 31st Annual Sadako Peace Day on August 6, 2025 in the Sadako Peace Garden at La Casa de Maria in Santa Barbara.

    The event opened with an invocation of nature by Bob Sedivy on the shakuhachi, a five-holed vertical flute of Japan. Kate Jang, an intern at NAPF, then formally greeted the audience as Master of Ceremonies. Sherry Purcell welcomed the audience to the magnificent La Casa de Maria and spoke on behalf of the Immaculate Heart Community, a decades-long partner of NAPF. Perie Longo, as Chair of the NAPF Poetry Committee, read “Hang on to Hope,” an original poem by David Krieger, the late Co-Founder and President Emeritus of NAPF.  Afterwards, Dr. Jimmy Hara recounted the life of Sadako, emphasizing the resilience and desire for peace ingrained in her story. Nancy Martin hosted the Two Crane Ceremony, where audience members were invited to take two paper cranes – one for remembrance, and one to send peace out into the world. The program continued with Dr. Jordan A. Y Smith’s original poem “When Fish Play Baseball: Koi Pond in the Heart of the Bomb.” Erica Kokor & Valeriya Zherebtsova, two NAPF interns, next spoke about why they care about nuclear disarmament. Afterwards, George Yatchisin, Santa Barbara Poet Laureate 2025-27, shared his original poem “In Praise of the Peace Pigeon.” As the final speaker of the evening, Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes spoke about how the world needs to move forward 80 years after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. She also shared her own original poem, “The Hills of Nagasaki,” written upon her visit to Nagasaki in 2024. In a full circle moment, Bob Sedivy closed the event by performing “Tsuibo No Kyoku” on the shakuhachi.

    Thank you to everyone who attended this wonderful evening filled with community, as well as inspiring poetry, music, and remarks. We are grateful to all of our program participants and to the Immaculate Heart Community for their partnership and maintenance of the Sadako Peace Garden at La Casa de Maria.

    Please see the YouTube video below for the recording of the event.

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    Photos, including by Howard Miller

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  • Multiregional Perspectives on the Israel and Iran Conflict and Preventing Nuclear Escalation

    Multiregional Perspectives on the Israel and Iran Conflict and Preventing Nuclear Escalation

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    Multiregional Perspectives on the Israel–Iran Conflict and Preventing Nuclear Escalation
    Hosted by the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Reverse the Trend – July 31, 2025

    On 31 July 2025, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF) and the SESA chapter of its youth initiative, Reverse The Trend (RTT SESA), hosted a virtual event titled “Multiregional Perspectives on the Israel-Iran Conflict and Preventing Nuclear Escalation”, featuring an urgent discussion on avoiding nuclear escalation and the geopolitical implications of the Twelve-Day War. This event, moderated by RTT Youth Adviser Muhammad Ibraheem Waraich, highlighted expert and academic perspectives across the globe on this urgent issue. Speakers included Sharon Dolev, Executive Director of the Middle East Treaty Organization (METO); Dr. Emad Kiyaei, Director of METO; Commodore Uday Bhaskar, Director of the Society for Policy Studies (SPS); Dr. Salma Malik, Associate Professor at Quaid-i-Azam University; and Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes, President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Senior Lecturer at Columbia University.

    Sharon Dolev of METO began by recounting civil society involvement in Israel-Iran relations in 2012. She said, “It was civil society that kept pushing for talks—don’t bomb, talk.” Out of this push came the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), which Dolev described as an agreement that worked, putting Iran under “the most comprehensive safeguards that any state agreed to”. 

    Dolev critiqued the U.S. withdrawal from the JCPOA in 2018 and further explained the consequences. She explained, “The biggest injury was diplomacy. When the U.S. breaks a working agreement, any future agreement will be harder to achieve and won’t be trusted. Dolev closed by reaffirming that “diplomacy is still the only way to secure our future. It is our job to push and continue to push diplomats and policymakers to sustain and respect these processes.”

    Emad Kiyaei of METO opened his remarks by situating the Israel–Iran conflict within a broader “shadow Cold War,” one marked by ongoing cyberattacks, assassinations, sanctions, and diplomatic isolation, despite the formal end of hostilities. Kiyaei warned that this erosion of diplomacy and conventions meant to contain conflict has created a “Wild, Wild West,” where power is concentrated in the hands of a few leaders making “life-and-death decisions for millions and millions”.

    In this context, Kiyaei stressed that the danger of nuclear weapon use is not confined to states like the US and Russia. Even a conflict between other nuclear-armed states, such as India and Pakistan, could trigger a humanitarian and climate catastrophe that kills billions due to the sheer destructive force of nuclear weapons. Kiyaei emphasized that humanity has the power to stop this “mass hostage-taking by the nine governments who possess nuclear weapons”, before calling for civil society to act and “provide policy, advice, and solutions.”

    Commodore Uday Bhaskar followed, stating that “there has been a steady erosion of what was once seen as the nuclear taboo”. Citing Russia’s veiled nuclear threats in the Ukraine conflict and the continuation of North Korean missile tests, Bhaskar warned that international norms are weakening and that nuclear weapons have entered mainstream strategy. “There are no guard rails just now, as far as the nuclear capability is concerned,” said Bhaskar.

    To meet the challenges of nuclear escalation, Bhaskar stressed, “Civil society must be galvanized. And how we do it, of course, is the matter of detail”. Concluding, Bhaskar expressed hope in the ability of younger generations to meet this rising challenge, reemphasizing, “as I said, our generation failed.”

    Similarly, Salma Malik warned that the normalization of nuclear weapons usage has created a dangerous situation for all countries, citing India and Pakistan as an example where states flirt with tactical nuclear thresholds. Malik cautioned, “This is not how you play in the nuclear playbook. You must maintain a deterrence.” Malik criticized the shift from deterrence to compellence, where states force adversaries to comply through coercion. Malik characterized this as “changing the entire norms and provoking our adversaries into taking up new actions”. 

    Malik continued by warning that Israeli and US strikes on Iranian nuclear sites set a dangerous precedent: “Any country that wants to carry out similar strikes. Would find an endorsement from the bigger countries of the world,” Malik explained. She rejected the growing trend of surgical strikes on strategic assets, instead calling for a greater embrace of diplomacy. Malik concluded, “We really need to look for the common good of the people. We don’t need to endorse people who are willfully condemning the world to genocide.”

    Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes of NAPF stressed the devastating nature of nuclear weapons and warned that the idea of a “limited” nuclear war is misleading. Citing scientific modeling of nuclear winter, Hughes emphasized that even a regional nuclear conflict would lead to catastrophic drops in global temperatures. “A regional conflict between India and Pakistan,” Hughes warned, “could trigger global agricultural collapse. 

    Hughes continued by criticizing the prevailing myth of safety created by deterrence frameworks, saying, “We’ve gotten lucky. We can’t get lucky forever”. She emphasized that the continued existence of these weapons is not a sign of strength but a deep moral failing: “Nuclear weapons need to become a symbol of shame. Governments should be ashamed of their professed commitment to use these weapons.” Concluding, Hughes called for greater diplomatic investment and public activism, noting that “civil society needs to continue to push for diplomacy, both for peace and disarmament. They go hand in hand, and they can be mutually reinforcing.”

    Together, the speakers underscored that the erosion of nuclear norms, the collapse of key diplomatic agreements, and the growing normalization of nuclear threats have pushed the world into a far more dangerous and unstable era. They stressed that preventing further escalation requires rejecting coercion and military shortcuts and reinvesting in diplomacy, dialogue, and trust-building. The discussion closed with a clear call to action for civil society, youth activists, and governments, framing disarmament as an urgent necessity for human survival.

    Panelists:

    • Commodore Uday Bhaskar – Director, Society for Policy Studies (SPS)

    • Dr. Emad Kiyaei – Director, Middle East Treaty Organization (METO)

    • Sharon Dolev – Executive Director, Middle East Treaty Organization (METO)

    • Dr. Salma Malik – Associate Professor, Quaid-i-Azam University

    • Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes – President, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF)

    Moderator:
    Muhammad Ibraheem Warraich – Advisor, Reverse the Trend

    Organized by the Southeast and South Asia Chapter of Reverse the Trend, with support from youth leaders and interns of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.

    Watch the full discussion in the video below:

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  • Science, Risk, and Disarmament: A Conversation with Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes

    Science, Risk, and Disarmament: A Conversation with Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes

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    On July 31, 2025, NAPF President Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes appeared as a featured guest on Neutrality Studies, a YouTube series hosted by Dr. Pascal Lottaz. In this wide-ranging conversation, Dr. Hughes offers a candid and compelling look at the existential threat posed by nuclear weapons—and how science, diplomacy, and public will can help chart a path to disarmament.

    Dr. Hughes, also Director of Frontiers of Science and senior lecturer in chemistry at Columbia University, reflects on her personal journey from academic science into the field of nuclear policy. She shares how teaching undergraduates at Columbia first awakened her to the staggering dangers of nuclear weapons—and her growing sense of responsibility as a scientist and mother to act.

    Topics discussed include:

    • The flawed logic of nuclear deterrence and how every war game ends in escalation

    • Scientific realities of nuclear winter and mass global famine, even from a regional war

    • Historic near-misses and how close the world has come to catastrophe

    • Verification and inspection frameworks that could support disarmament

    • The TPNW’s growing momentum and how Global South and neutral countries are leading the way

    Dr. Hughes emphasizes that while nuclear weapons are often treated as permanent fixtures of international security, they are entirely dismantlable—and that continued reliance on luck, deterrence, and outdated Cold War logic is both dangerous and unnecessary.

    “We are not stuck with these weapons. Eliminating them is a political decision—and once made, it is entirely feasible to implement.”

    The conversation also contrasts the stagnation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) with the energy behind the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), which now includes 73 states parties and growing support worldwide.

    “This isn’t about symbolism. It’s about survival—and holding up our end of the bargain.”

    From Hiroshima to climate models to the modern-day risks of miscalculation, the interview is both sobering and hopeful. As Dr. Hughes makes clear, a nuclear-free world is still within reach—but only if we choose it.

    [/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container]

  • Trinity Anniversary: Dawn of the Nuclear Age and its Enduring Global Implications

    Trinity Anniversary: Dawn of the Nuclear Age and its Enduring Global Implications

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    On 23 July 2025, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF) and its youth initiative Reverse the Trend (RTT) hosted a virtual event titled “The Trinity Test: Dawn of the Nuclear Age and Its Enduring Global Implications,” honoring the 80th anniversary of the first atomic bomb test conducted in New Mexico. This event, moderated by Policy and Advocacy Director Christian Ciobanu, highlighted the intergenerational toll of nuclear weapons testing, the lived experiences of frontline communities, and the urgent need for global disarmament, justice, and environmental remediation. Speakers included: Mary Dickson, Writer and Downwinder from Utah; Esther Yazzie-Lewis, Diné Elder and Co-Author of The Navajo People and Uranium Mining; Susan Gordon, Coordinator of the Multicultural Alliance for a Safe Environment (MASE); Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes, President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Senior Lecturer at Columbia University; and Anderson Peck, Youth Activist with NAPF and its youth initiative, RTT.

    Ciobanu opened the event, echoing the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), that before Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the U.S. bombed its own people—testing the same plutonium bomb design on communities in New Mexico during the Trinity Test.

    Mary Dickson followed with a powerful statement by explaining, “Trinity unleashed the Nuclear Age, an age from which humanity has never recovered.” Growing up in Salt Lake City, she was unknowingly exposed to radioactive fallout from U.S. nuclear tests, having been provided inadequate warning and guidance. “We drank milk delivered to our doorstep… How were we to know a silent poison was threading through our bodies?”

    Having grown up in a neighborhood where 54 people developed cancer, tumors, or autoimmune disorders, as well as having her own thyroid cancer diagnosis in her 20s, Dickson has dedicated her life to advocating for justice for radiation-exposed communities. “If we died immediately, it would have been a national catastrophe. Instead, we became invisible.” She emphasized the deep, generational trauma of nuclear testing and urged global accountability: “if we’ve learned anything, it’s this: we all live downwind.”

    Esther Yazzie-Lewis of the Navajo First Nation delivered a powerful reflection connecting the 1945 Trinity Test to decades of radioactive harm on Indigenous lands. She explored the hypocrisy of the U.S., benefitting from nuclear testing while passing on the heavy costs to indigenous communities. “We live in a rich country,” she said, “and yet we’re still hauling our water and hauling our wood.” She described uranium mining’s lasting toll—on the land, the water, and Navajo families, including her own brother who worked in the mines.

    Critiquing the origins of the Navajo Nation’s tribal government, she asserted, “It wasn’t for us—it was for the development of the corporate world to make money.” On the 80th anniversary, Yazzie-Lewis called for a full reckoning, both political and moral, of the cost of nuclear weapons. She urged the U.S. to acknowledge the people it sacrificed within its own borders to achieve atomic power and military dominance.

    Sharing her dismay with the current institutions, Yazzie-Lewis declared, “our government people [tribal government] and the people that regulate the laws and policies are not going to be there to help us. We have to do it ourselves, for our own selves, for our families and our communities. Yet in the midst of this bleak picture, Yazzie-Lewis concluded her segment with a statement of hope amidst an era of growing turmoil. She praised the number and diversity of youth who attended the session and called upon them to carry the struggle forward despite these injustices: “Forge ahead, you young people… Learn their strategies. This grid will fall—return to your roots, your land, and your knowledge to survive what comes next.”

    Following Yazzie-Lewis’ remarks, Susan Gordon of MASE, explained in detail the nuclear legacy of uranium mining in Western states. Gordon highlighted the often forgotten radiation exposure to Navajo communities—a result of uranium mines that endangered already established indigenous communities— and also called attention to the 1979 Church Rock Uranium Mill spill, which remains the largest release of radioactive waste by volume in U.S. history.

    Happening just three months after the Three Mile Island Accident—a partial nuclear meltdown in Pennsylvania—Gordon noted how the nuclear power industry made efforts to downplay and ignore the impact of the Church Rock Spill. Gordon explained,“I think this happened for two reasons, one, they wanted to promote nuclear power as safe, two accidents that close together would have been problematic. Second, this happened on the Navajo land, land belonging to people of color.”

    Sharing with the audience a quote from Edith Hood, President of the Red Water Pond Road Community Association, Gordon recounted, “We have waited far longer than other communities in the U.S. for this poison to be cleaned up. When is it our turn to feel safe? How many more generations have to wait?”
    Gordon concluded her remarks by detailing numerous Trump Administration Executive Orders that would increase the risk of uranium exposure by fast-tracking environmental assessment and federal approval—a process that typically could take up to years—to instead take around 20 days without tribal and public input.

    Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes of NAPF stressed the uniquely devastating nature of nuclear weapons. “The stories you’ve heard are part of a larger tapestry of suffering,” she said, tracing the global spread of nuclear testing from Trinity to the Marshall Islands, where the local Marshallese community members were told to relocate “for the good of all mankind,” Hughes recalled how, just months after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear detonations resumed, while the United Nations simultaneously called for complete disarmament.

    Hughes went on to explain the current threat that nuclear weapons posed. Today, she warned, over 12,000 nuclear weapons remain—many far more powerful than those used in 1945. “Even a limited nuclear conflict between India and Pakistan could starve billions,” she noted. Hughes emphasized that abolition, not mere reduction, is essential. “We must eliminate, abolish, and prohibit nuclear weapons—before they eliminate us.”

    Providing the youth perspective on the Trinity test, Anderson Peck of NAPF and its youth initiative, RTT, explained that the 80th anniversary of the 1945 Trinity explosion as the beginning of the Nuclear Age was the “beginning of a protracted legacy of nuclear injustice.” “How can a country that prides itself on justice ignore the suffering of its own people,” he asked. Amid deepening geopolitical tensions and fragile ceasefire arrangements, Peck called on young people to position themselves as a resource and “denounce the present-nuclear related escalation”.

    In preparing for the event, he created an Instagram poll on his personal account asking whether anyone had heard of the Trinity explosion. Nearly 70 percent of respondents, most of them between 18 and 20 years old, indicated they had never heard of Trinity. Peck expressed his concern over such a finding, stating, “too many young people remain unaware of the event which ushered the world into the nuclear age.” Referencing UN Secretary-General Guetteres, Peck closed by expressing the urgency of the present moment: “The 80th anniversary of Trinity gives us an occasion for a much-needed raising of awareness.”
    As the 80th anniversary of the Trinity Test prompts reflection, voices from frontline communities, scientists, and youth urge a reckoning with nuclear injustice. Their message is clear: remembrance must lead to action. A safer, more just future demands abolition—not only of nuclear weapons, but of the systems that sustain them.

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