Nuclear Age Peace Foundation

Category: Nuclear Abolition

Ivana Hughes on Peace Podcast

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On March 26, Dr. Ivana Hughes joined Barbara Gaughen-Muller on the Peace Podcast to discuss the importance of the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in creating a better world. Check out the episode below!

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March 27, 2024
What Was I Made For?

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When Robert Downey Jr. accepted his Academy Award earlier this month, he spoke of the people who supported him during times of personal struggle and empowered him to not just restart his acting career, but to reach the pinnacle achievement of one. Downey did not mention nuclear weapons or the fact that the actions of his character, Lewis Strauss, may have led – and might still lead – to the end of human civilization as we know it.

This was perhaps not surprising, given that Downey’s has really been a kind of comeback story that can and should inspire others during trying times. Still, it made me wonder what might have happened if David Krumholtz had been nominated and won as best supporting actor for his portrayal of Strauss’s antidote in Oppenheimer, the famed physicist I.I. Rabi. Would Krumholtz have given a speech inspired by Rabi’s anti-nuclear weapon stance, which the film showcases beautifully?

Remember the guy who refuses to join the Manhattan Project, telling Oppenheimer in Los Alamos that he doesn’t want “300 years of physics to culminate in the making of a bomb?” He’s also the one who looks devastated moments after the “successful” Trinity test. And he is the one who keeps giving Oppenheimer oranges.

The contrast between Strauss and Rabi, in life and on the screen, could not be starker. While Strauss is intent on destroying Oppenheimer, Rabi is a good friend to Oppenheimer from the moment the two met in Europe at a young age. While Strauss is obsessed with hydrogen bombs, weapons that can be thousands of times more powerful than the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Rabi calls them “weapons of genocide.”

Alas, good guys are not nearly as interesting on the screen as the bad ones. And the Strauss/Downey combination is that of a perfect bad guy. Downy put on a delicious display of this badness on Sunday.

And yet, it was Krumholtz’s portrayal that captivated me throughout the film. For one, as a scientist and a mother, I have been worried about nuclear weapons for many years and to see a powerful portrayal in a blockbuster film of someone who was worried about them from the dawn of the nuclear age was inspiring. More than that, I have a personal connection to Rabi. I live with my family in Rabi’s old apartment in a building owned by Columbia University.

Short version of the story: Mrs. Helen Rabi passed away at 102 in 2005, around the time that Columbia was recruiting my husband to join the university as a Professor of Physics. At one point in the negotiations – having known that Mrs. Rabi had passed and having been in the Rabi apartment many years prior (his dad was a graduate student of Rabi’s) – Emlyn almost jokingly said, “I’ll come if you give me the Rabi apartment.” We’ve been living in it pretty much ever since.

Working on nuclear weapons abolition, at times from home, I feel a deep personal connection to Rabi that helps to sustain me in times of challenge. I even have Rabi’s desk in my Columbia office, but that’s a story for another time.

Except for Emma Thomas and Jennifer Lame, the Oppenheimer awardee cohort was dominated by men, a reflection in part of Nolan’s choices, but also of the film’s focus on a time dominated by men. This is just as well. The men can have the beginning of the nuclear age. Women, on the other hand, have been key players in writing the history of the end of the nuclear age.

It started with Women Strike for Peace, which helped bring about the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963. Women led preparations for the 1982 Central Park Rally, which brought a million people to Central Park to protest the nuclear arms race. Today, women from around the world, including from communities affected by nuclear weapons testing and use, are leading efforts to strengthen and implement the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, our best hope for a world free of this existential threat.

For women from affected communities, nuclear weapons are personal. Exposure to radiation has led to miscarriages and birth defects, as well as cancers in women and girls at higher rates than those in men and boys.

Despite my obsession with Oppenheimer, the most emotional moment of the Oscars for me was the heart wrenching performance of What Was I Made For by Billie Eilish and Finneas O’Connell. Ironic, as I initially even refused to watch Barbie. I was thinking of the way all of us ask this very same question and contend with the eternal desire to feel.

You have to wonder how we can put it all at risk, eight billion people asking what they were made for.

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March 24, 2024
FALTAN 90 SEGUNDOS PARA MEDIANOCHE

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Por Ivana Nikolic Hughes | 25 de enero de 2023

Traducción de Rubén D. Arvizu

Ayer, el Boletín de Científicos Atómicos, una organización preeminente fundada en 1945 con el objetivo de publicar y pronunciarse sobre los peligros de la carrera armamentística nuclear, y más recientemente sobre otras amenazas existenciales, como el cambio climático, anunció su última lectura del Reloj del Juicio Final. La historia del reloj se remonta a 1947, cuando el Boletín pidió al artista Martyl Langsdorf que creara una portada para la revista; Langsdorf procedió a dibujar un reloj, con las agujas a siete minutos para la medianoche. Su elección de la imagen pretendía reflejar la urgencia del momento y el hecho de que quedaba muy poco tiempo para evitar una catástrofe mundial provocada por el hombre antes de que sucediera. En 1949, el Boletín empezó a utilizar la imagen anualmente para determinar el estado actual de los asuntos mundiales e indicar si las cosas habían mejorado o empeorado en comparación con el año anterior y con todas las lecturas anteriores del reloj. Con el tiempo, el Reloj del Juicio Final se convirtió en un símbolo de todo lo que está mal en el mundo actual y en un indicador ampliamente anticipado de los riesgos y amenazas mundiales.

Desde 1949, el minutero del reloj se ha cambiado 24 veces, alcanzando los 17 minutos para la medianoche o el más lejano de la medianoche en 1991, al final de la Guerra Fría. Antes de 2020, el ajuste más cercano fue de dos minutos para la medianoche durante el periodo de 1953 a 1959, cuando tanto Estados Unidos como la Unión Soviética no sólo adquirieron, sino que probaron ampliamente bombas de hidrógeno. Las bombas de hidrógeno, al utilizar la fusión, el proceso que alimenta el Sol y las estrellas, en lugar de sólo la fisión, aumentaron el rendimiento energético y la destructividad de las armas nucleares en órdenes de magnitud. Estados Unidos probó -en las Islas Marshall y Kiribati- bombas que eran hasta 1.000 veces más potentes que la bomba de Hiroshima, mientras que los soviéticos ensayaron bombas de hidrógeno que alcanzaron hasta 50 megatones o el equivalente a más de 3.300 bombas de Hiroshima. La mayoría de esas pruebas de altísimo rendimiento se realizaron cerca de la isla de Severny, en el Ártico, y algunas tuvieron lugar en el centro de pruebas de Semipalatinsk, en Kazajstán.

En enero de 2020, justo cuando la pandemia de COVID se aceleraba, el Consejo de Ciencia y Seguridad del Boletín puso el reloj a 100 segundos de la medianoche, lo más cerca que había estado nunca, para reflejar el deterioro del entorno de seguridad mundial, así como la aceleración de los impactos del calentamiento global y la falta de avances significativos para hacer frente al cambio climático. La lectura del reloj no se modificó en 2021 y 2022 y, cuando comenzó la guerra de Ucrania el pasado mes de febrero, muchos empezaron a preguntarse cómo afectaría el nuevo y mayor riesgo de intercambio nuclear o algo peor a las futuras lecturas del reloj. Así que, como miles de personas, ayer por la mañana estaba pendiente de la pantalla de mi televisor, anticipando con cierta inquietud qué hora marcarían los expertos del Boletín para este año. Está claro que las manecillas del reloj no influyen en la situación sobre los acontecimientos en Ucrania o en el mundo, pero tenía la sensación de que la lectura reflejaría la urgencia del momento, como lo ha hecho durante décadas. Enfrentarme a esta urgencia de una forma tan directa me inquietó.

Cuando Mary Robinson, ex presidenta de Irlanda, y otros revelaron en el reloj que faltaban 90 segundos para la medianoche, respiré aliviada. Sí, 90 segundos para la medianoche está terriblemente cerca y es lo más cerca que ha estado nunca el reloj. Estoy totalmente de acuerdo con esta valoración, ya que la guerra de Ucrania ha aumentado sin duda el riesgo de uso de armas nucleares, que ya era inaceptablemente alto, al tiempo que ha causado otros problemas mundiales y ha puesto de manifiesto nuestra interdependencia global. Así que estoy de acuerdo en que hoy estamos peor que nunca. Para quienes descartan los peligros, citaría al profesor Marty Hellman, de la Universidad de Stanford, quien afirma que “quienes descartan el riesgo de guerra nuclear derivado de la guerra en Ucrania probablemente tengan razón, pero probablemente no sea suficiente cuando está en juego la supervivencia de nuestra nación”. A esto yo añadiría que la guerra nuclear no amenaza sólo a nuestra nación y a otros países por separado, sino a la civilización humana tal y como la conocemos y posiblemente a la especie humana y a otras formas de vida en el planeta. Evaluar el riesgo como el más alto de la historia me parece muy acertado.

Mi alivio al oír y ver que faltaban 90 segundos para la medianoche se debió al hecho de que podría haber imaginado una fecha aún más cercana, por ejemplo, un minuto para la medianoche. Creo que 90 segundos es una mejor valoración, ya que refleja las numerosas oportunidades de mejorar las cosas. Al salir de una pandemia mundial, deberíamos estar mejor preparados para afrontar futuras pandemias individualmente y dentro de nuestras comunidades y sociedades. El calentamiento global está teniendo efectos tan visibles en todo el planeta (escribo esto desde Nueva York, donde aún no ha caído la primera nevada de la temporada de invierno 2022/2023) por lo que negarlo ya ni siquiera es una estrategia viable, y el optimismo ante el cambio a las energías renovables en lugares como China e India no me parece prematuro. Por último, la guerra de Ucrania ha hecho que mucha gente se dé cuenta de los peligros que siguen representando las armas nucleares, peligros que parecían haber dejado de lado tras la caída del Muro de Berlín. Esos peligros, de hecho, nunca desaparecieron y la esperanza es que, al permitir que todo el mundo los vea como lo que son, podamos finalmente alcanzar las aspiraciones de décadas de abolición nuclear.

Esto me lleva a mi punto favorito sobre por qué hay motivos para la esperanza. El Tratado sobre la Prohibición de las Armas Nucleares (TPNW) lleva ya dos años en vigor (acabamos de celebrar su segundo aniversario el 22 de enero), cuenta con 68 ratificaciones y 92 Estados signatarios, y ambas listas de Estados siguen creciendo. Tuve la suerte de asistir y participar en la Primera Reunión de los Estados Parte el pasado mes de junio en Viena, donde pude llenarme del optimismo y la ilusión de diplomáticos, sociedad civil, académicos y jóvenes, todos trabajando juntos para hacer realidad las promesas de este tratado histórico. En la Nuclear Age Peace Foundation trabajamos arduamente en la promoción, el fortalecimiento y la aplicación del TPNW y estamos convencidos de que el tratado es nuestra mejor esperanza para legar a nuestros hijos un mundo libre de armas nucleares. Debemos hacer todo lo posible para que cumpla todos sus objetivos. Al fin y al cabo, sólo disponemos de 90 segundos para hacerlo.

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March 22, 2024
World Poetry Day — Poem by David

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On World Poetry Day, we honor a poem written in 1995 by the late David Krieger, a champion for peace and the abolition of nuclear weapons.

—

On Becoming Death

“Now I am become death,
The shatterer of worlds.”
—Bhagavad Gita

When Oppenheimer thought,
“Now I am become death,”
did he mean
“Now we have become death?”
Was Oppenheimer thinking
about himself, or all of us?

From Alamogordo to Hiroshima
took exactly three weeks.
On August 6th, Oppenheimer
again became death.
So did Groves,
and Stimson and Byrnes.
So did Truman.
So did a hundred thousand
that day in Hiroshima.
So did America.

“This is the greatest thing
in history,” Truman said.
He didn’t think
he’d become death
that day.

We Americans
know how to win.
Truman was a winner,
a shatterer of worlds.
Three days later, Truman
and his military boys
did it again at Nagasaki.

Sometime later,
Oppenheimer visited Truman.
“I have blood on my hands,”
Oppenheimer said.
Truman didn’t like those words.

Blood?
Whose blood?
When Oppenheimer left,
Truman said,
“Don’t ever
Let him in
Here again.”

That August of ‘45
Truman and his military boys
shattered a few worlds.
They never learned
That the worlds they shattered
Included their own.

David Krieger
1995

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March 21, 2024
In Honor of David

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Delivered at the Celebration of David Krieger’s Legacy on March 14, 2024 at the Music Academy, Santa Barbara, California

Thank you for being with us today to celebrate the life and the legacy of a giant – Dr. David Malcolm Krieger. David was a man of peace and a nuclear abolitionist, but he was also a man of Santa Barbara. I am pleased that we are able to gather as a community in the beautiful Music Academy and to take this opportunity to center the role that David played in bringing the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation to life and sustaining it for over 40 years. In turn, the Foundation played a huge role in his life and in establishing him as a voice of conscious in the nuclear age and a beloved figure both locally and around the world.

I didn’t know David for as long or as well as so many people in this audience. However, through the Nuclear Zero lawsuits, working with Laurie Ashton and Lynn Sarko and their team at Keller Rohrback, back in 2014, David inspired scientific investigations that my husband Emlyn and I conducted in the Marshall Islands with Columbia University students – work that relates to NAPF’s ongoing efforts to achieve nuclear justice for people and communities affected by nuclear weapons use and testing. Quite simply, I could not have a greater sense of privilege and responsibility in succeeding David in leading the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, both given the foundation’s rich history and the work that we are doing now towards the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons, a vision that David held ever since he visited Hiroshima and Nagasaki as a graduate student in the 1960s.

By the time I got to know David better through in-person and virtual meetings at NAPF, his health was already declining. He would quietly sit through a meeting and then, after hearing a lively and sometimes heated discussion about one topic or another, David would make a statement, so deep and thoughtful that we would all, at least for a moment, be speechless. He had a brilliant mind, an enormous heart, and a moral compass second to none.

When I first met with David, Prof. Richard Falk, our Board Chair Frank Bognar, and others from the NAPF Board about taking a position with the Foundation, David smiled warmly as I spoke about my passion for nuclear abolition, my commitment to strengthening the international treaties that establish and guide nuclear weapon policies, including the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, and my devotion to working with young people. I received lots of questions, about my experience working with colleagues and students and leading efforts at Columbia, what I would envision for the Foundation and its work, how I would handle splitting my time between New York City and Santa Barbara. As I gave various answers, David kept giving me an approving smile that made me feel so comfortable and confident. And then, he asked one question, his only question – how would you feel about asking people for money to support the Foundation’s work? I answered that I would be honored to be in the position to do so. So today, in honor of David and what he would have wanted, let me invite you to support our work, to join our events, and to spread the word about the insanity of nuclear weapons and the imperative of their elimination. We need your help. Let us not sit quietly and let us walk on this important path together. The stakes are simply too high.

With David’s passing, our commitment to work tirelessly to educate and advocate for a peaceful world, one that is free of nuclear weapons has only grown. We work at the United Nations to strengthen and implement the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons – I serve as a member of the Scientific Advisory Group to the Treaty and Christian Ciobanu, our Policy and Advocacy Director serves as a treaty advisor to the Republic of Kiribati. We also work on other relevant treaties and resolutions in General Assembly that advance the cause of nuclear disarmament and nuclear justice. We hold events, meet with diplomats, and write op-eds. We educate and engage young people through internships, lectures, our poetry contest and our youth initiative Reverse the Trend, which gives an opportunity to youth from around the world to contribute to the cause of disarmament and to attend and present at international conferences at the United Nations and beyond.

I am pleased to share that in honor of David, 1622 Anacapa Street, the home of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, will from now on be named David Krieger House. I am also pleased to share that the Foundation has established a David Krieger Summer Internship, which will be a paid internship for outstanding college students to work with the foundation for a summer, contribute to the cause of nuclear disarmament, and learn about the work of non-profit organizations. We are indebted to the Krieger and Sweeney families for their generous support of the David Krieger Summer Internship. We are also grateful to: Soka Gakkai International, SAGA Foundation, Martin and Dorothee Hellman, Cheryl Tomchin, Jimmy and Diane Hara, Mary Becker, Jill and Ron Dexter, Guy Dyruff, Mr. and Mrs. Daryl Ponicson, Beverly Keever, Lanny and Holly Sherwin, and Patagonia.

I am indebted to all of you for being with us for this celebration and am especially pleased that David’s beloved wife, Carolee Krieger and their beautiful children and grandchildren could be with us today. I have the warmest admiration and appreciation for all of our participants, our poets, Perie Longo, Edin Osborn, and Paul Willis, our musicians, Noel Paul Stookey, and the duo Sandy Jones and Hal Maynard, as well as Prof. Richard Falk, who will deliver today’s keynote, David’s children, Mara Sweeney and Jonathon Krieger, David’s brother Gary Krieger and friend Cliff Gherson, who will also deliver remarks. We are grateful to all of the participants for making this a very special program, the kind of program that I like to think David would have wanted.

Last year I wrote my first poem since my schoolgirl days and promptly sent it to David and Perie Longo. David delighted in seeing me catch the poetry bug, even if just a little. Today I want to read to you a poem that I wrote after David passed on December 7. It is entitled David Krieger.

/

He left us too soon

But he laid a path.

/

He may be gone

But he is still with us.

/

We will not rest

Till his dream is reality.

We owe it to him

And to humanity.

/

Thank you.

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March 18, 2024
President’s Letter – February 2024

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February 27, 2024

Dear NAPF Community,

Last month, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists revealed their latest Doomsday Clock reading in a public event. The clock’s reading remained at 90 seconds to midnight, which was reached last year and which is also the closest that the clock has ever been to a metaphorical nuclear Armageddon that would obliterate human civilization and possibly even life on the planet. [Following the 2023 announcement, I wrote this article about the history of the clock and my interpretations of its reading.]

Since this year’s announcement, I’ve had a chance to speak in front of large audiences – who had chosen to come and hear me talk about nuclear weapons – and each time, when I asked, the majority of those in attendance had not been aware of the clock’s existence nor even of just how dangerous our current moment is. With conflicts involving nuclear weapon possessors raging and geopolitical tensions rising, most people are blissfully ignorant of this ominous threat. This is in large part due to our politicians and media happily pretending that the threat of nuclear weapons is not there. And yet, the good news is that we not only have a simple solution – abolishing and eliminating nuclear weapons – but we also have a mechanism for doing so, the United Nations Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW).

At NAPF, our work on promoting and implementing the TPNW continues apace, including on the treaty’s nuclear justice provisions. Please see below for our latest articles, events, interviews, and updates. Please also join us for the Veterans for Peace webinar on Thursday, February 29 (4 pm PT / 7 pm ET) and for the Celebration of David Krieger’s Legacy on Thursday, March 14 (4-6 pm, with a reception 6-7 pm) at the Music Academy in Santa Barbara. Relevant links for both events are below.

We pursue this work tirelessly and will continue to do so with your support.

Most warmly,

Ivana

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Articles

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Article in Transcend Media Service

[/fusion_text][fusion_imageframe image_id=”24875|full” aspect_ratio=”” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/saving-the-us-from-nuclear-weapons/” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”none” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”center” caption_title=” ” caption_text=”Team NAPF at the UN Headquarters in New York.” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/1708610848814-Website-SavingtheUSfromNuclearWeapons.png[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” content_alignment_medium=”” content_alignment_small=”” content_alignment=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” fusion_font_family_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_text_font=”” font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” text_transform=”” text_color=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” logics=””]

Read the latest article by Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes on Why the United States Should Lead the World on Nuclear Disarmament All the Way to a World Free of Nuclear Weapons.

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Article in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

[/fusion_text][fusion_imageframe image_id=”24876|full” aspect_ratio=”” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/nuclear-deterrence-is-the-existential-threat-not-the-nuclear-ban-treaty” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”none” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”center” caption_title=” ” caption_text=”Team NAPF at the UN Headquarters in New York.” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/1708611103493-386619.png[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” content_alignment_medium=”” content_alignment_small=”” content_alignment=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” fusion_font_family_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_text_font=”” font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” text_transform=”” text_color=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” logics=””]

Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes rallied the nuclear disarmament community to respond swiftly and forcefully to a recent article in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, written by Zachary Kallenborn, who alleged that the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) is an existential threat to humanity.

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Events and Updates

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Celebration of the Third Anniversary of the TPNW Entry into Force

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On January 29, NAPF co-hosted the Celebration of the Third Anniversary of the TPNW Entry into Force with the Permanent Mission of Kazakhstan, the Permanent Mission of Kiribati, and our youth initiative Reverse the Trend. The event took place at the Permanent Mission of Kazakhstan in New York. We are grateful to our partners and amazing speakers.

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Interview on the current state of disarmament on Global Connections TV

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Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes spoke with Bill Miller of Global Connections Television about the threat of nuclear weapons, the challenges of nuclear disarmament, and how the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons can help us achieve a better future – or any future at all – for humanity.

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United Nations General Assembly overwhelmingly adopts a resolution on nucear justice

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This resolution, brought forward by the Republics of Kazakhstan and Kiribati, and co-sponsored by 41 UN Member States from across the globe, was overwhelmingly approved with 161 nations voting in favor in the General Assembly. Previous vote in the General Assembly’s First Committee resulted in 171 votes in favor. We are proud of the valiant efforts of our Director of Policy and Advocacy and RTT Coordinator, Christian Ciobanu, who, along with interns and RTT youth activists, played a critical role in bringing the resolution to life and to a successful vote.

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Side event to the Asia Pacific Forum on sustainable development

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On February 21, Bond Rungrot Tatiyawongwiwat and Amir Ruzain, two youth representatives of Reverse The Trend South and Southeast Asia, a youth initiative of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF), participated in a special event entitled “Advancing the Global Agenda toward Peaceful and Inclusive societies- Bridging Humanity, Security, and Sustainability.” This side event was held on the margins of the Asia Pacific Forum for Sustainable Development. Hiroshima Prefecture, Hiroshima Organization for Global Peace, RTT, and NAPF co-sponsored this event.

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Upcoming

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Veterans for Peace Webinar

[/fusion_text][fusion_imageframe image_id=”24884|full” aspect_ratio=”” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”none” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”” caption_text=”” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/1708612511334-Untitleddesign-2.png[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” content_alignment_medium=”” content_alignment_small=”” content_alignment=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” fusion_font_family_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_text_font=”” font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” text_transform=”” text_color=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” logics=””]

To register, click HERE.

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David Krieger Celebration

[/fusion_text][fusion_imageframe image_id=”24628|full” aspect_ratio=”” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/celebration-legacy-of-david-krieger/” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”none” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”” caption_text=”” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/3.14-Banner-Honoring-David-Krieger-4.png[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” content_alignment_medium=”” content_alignment_small=”” content_alignment=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” fusion_font_family_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_text_font=”” font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” text_transform=”” text_color=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” logics=””]

To get free tickets, click HERE.

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fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/1707415172008-Untitleddesign1.png[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” content_alignment_medium=”” content_alignment_small=”” content_alignment=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” fusion_font_family_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_text_font=”” font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” text_transform=”” text_color=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” logics=””]

YouTube

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dimension_box_shadow=”” box_shadow_blur=”0″ box_shadow_spread=”0″ box_shadow_color=”” box_shadow_style=”” z_index_hover=”” z_index=”” overflow=”” background_type=”single” gradient_start_color=”” gradient_end_color=”” gradient_start_position=”0″ gradient_end_position=”100″ gradient_type=”linear” radial_direction=”center center” linear_angle=”180″ background_color_medium=”” background_color_small=”” background_color_medium_hover=”” background_color_small_hover=”” background_color_hover=”” background_color=”” background_image_medium=”” background_image_small=”” background_image=”” background_image_id_medium=”” background_image_id_small=”” background_image_id=”” lazy_load=”none” skip_lazy_load=”” background_position_medium=”” background_position_small=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat_medium=”” background_repeat_small=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” background_size_medium=”” background_size_small=”” background_size=”” background_custom_size=”” 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transform_translate_x_hover=”0″ transform_translate_y_hover=”0″ transform_rotate_hover=”0″ transform_skew_x_hover=”0″ transform_skew_y_hover=”0″ transform_origin=”” transition_duration=”300″ transition_easing=”ease” transition_custom_easing=”” motion_effects=”” scroll_motion_devices=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” last=”false” border_position=”all” first=”false” spacing_right=””][fusion_imageframe image_id=”24496|full” aspect_ratio=”” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”https://www.facebook.com/wagingpeace/” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”none” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”” caption_text=”” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” 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rule_style=”” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” content_alignment_medium=”” content_alignment_small=”” content_alignment=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” fusion_font_family_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_text_font=”” font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” text_transform=”” text_color=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” logics=””]

Facebook

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custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”” caption_text=”” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” 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Instagram

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February 27, 2024
Saving the US from Nuclear Weapons

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Published in Transcend Media Service on February 19, 2024.

Why the United States Should Lead the World on Nuclear Disarmament All the Way to a World Free of Nuclear Weapons

For decades, Americans have been told that nuclear weapons ended World War II and that they have kept us safe ever since. This narrative ignores historical evidence suggesting that Japan was already close to surrendering and that nuclear weapon attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki marked the beginning of the Cold War, rather than end of the hot one. This narrative also ignores the Cuban Missile Crisis, which in 1962 brought us to the brink of nuclear war that would have destroyed human civilization as we know it and possibly all of life on the planet. At that time, the United States and the Soviet Union had more than 30,000 nuclear warheads, most of which were vastly more powerful than the atomic bombs used in 1945. Had the two countries used just the weapons that were ready to launch – about 4,000 of them – estimates of deaths range from hundreds of millions of people to over a billion people. Nuclear winter, which we didn’t know about until a couple of decades later, would have ensued, further leading to starvation of many more around the planet, with potential planetary life-ending consequences. The world our ancestors survived in for thousands of generations would have been gone, irreversibly so.

But it wasn’t just the Cuban Missile Crisis. There were accidental drops of nuclear bombs over Canada in 1950, South Carolina in 1958, and North Carolina in 1961; a US and Soviet plane crash over Greenland in 1968 and a submarine crash in the Barents Sea in 1969; fires in missile silos in Arkansas in 1980 and in Wyoming in 2008, and false alarms in 1979 and 1983, all of which could have led to nuclear weapon use and possibly even nuclear war. The list goes on and on. Nuclear weapons do not keep us safe, they put us at unimaginable risk. Nuclear deterrence is simply an illusion of safety.

With more than 12,000 warheads in our world today, the possibility of accidental use of a nuclear weapon that leads to widespread nuclear war continues to loom large. But it’s not just accidental use that experts are worried about. The possibility of a miscalculation – a leader deciding to use a nuclear weapon because they perceive to be under attack when they are not – is arguably even more likely. There is also always the unhinged leader, or one who may be drunk, or one who may be losing their mental acuity due to age or for other reasons. In the United States, nuclear weapon use authorization is in the hands of the President and the President only. That is quite simply a terrifying prospect even when we might have a reasonable leader in power.

The only way that the United States could be not just beaten, but destroyed in a war on its own soil, is if nuclear weapons are used to attack us. Such a prospect makes us totally and completely vulnerable and not just to Russia and China. We are also in danger from North Korea, which has an estimated 30 nuclear warheads that can reach every corner of the United States, enough to destroy our nation. The question of whether or not North Korea would also be destroyed in the course of such a war is irrelevant and would be of little comfort to the survivors. How do you spend on the order of a trillion dollars on the military every year (more than the next ten countries combined) and end up being vulnerable to a country that ranks 56^th in population and among the bottom 10% of states in GDP per capita?

If a major responsibility of a government is to keep its people safe and secure, then a succession of US governments since 1945 has not done a very good job. This needs to change. But failure in the past does not mean we have to keep failing. There are steps we can take now to ensure that our nation does not go the way of empires of the past. Because this time, we could also take humanity along with us.

The following is a good start for how to get back on track.

First, we need to address the actual and potential conflicts that could lead to nuclear war, including Ukraine, Gaza, and Taiwan. The way to address them is to seek a common ground with the parties that ends or prevents the killing and starts the healing. In the case of Ukraine, we need to restore our promise not to expand NATO to Ukraine and encourage Russia and Ukraine to the negotiating table before it’s too late for them and for us. In the case of Gaza, we need to demand, like Reagan did of Begin, that Israel stop killing women and children by the thousands and agree to pursue a permanent solution to the conflict that assures Palestinian sovereignty and self-determination. US funding to perpetuate or fuel war and violence must end. And when it comes to Taiwan, we need to not turn Taiwan into another Ukraine, but rather push for a dialogue that sets the stage for a peaceful conclusion to the decades-long question of Taiwan’s status, agreeable to both China and Taiwan.

As President Kennedy stated in his American University Commencement Address in 1963, we need “not merely peace for Americans, but peace for all men and women.” This should be our goal for all regions of the world. It is most critical for conflicts that can result in the end of humanity as we know it.

Once peace and trust have been restored in current and potential conflicts involving nuclear weapon possessors, we need to get to the negotiating table ourselves, starting with Russia. We need to reinstate the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which we left in 2002, and the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, which we withdrew from in 2019. Next, we need to get our missile bases out of Romania and Poland and pursue a new agreement with Russia to end all nuclear sharing arrangements. This would involve getting US nuclear bombs out of Belgium, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, and Turkey (and not putting them in the United Kingdom) and Russia removing theirs from Belarus. Finally, we need to sign the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons and call all of the nuclear weapon possessors to the table to finally abolish and eliminate nuclear weapons. The last task is the most difficult, but good leaders have done difficult things before and we can do it again. The fate of the world hangs in the balance.

This plan puts the selfish interests of the US first and completely ignores the moral and ethical reasons as to why we should lead the world in nuclear disarmament. Those include the fact that we were the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only one to ever use them in military attacks on cities full of children and other civilians, and that we wrote the script for the nuclear testing era, which has devastated people around the planet, including our own citizens and those we were meant to protect. But let’s leave those arguments to the peaceniks and focus on self-preservation, morality be damned.

Once we do all of this, we can turn to the ongoing global threats of climate change, emerging infectious diseases, AI, etc., as well as our own challenges at home, like income inequality, lack of universal health care, gun regulation, immigration, and more. That’s the other side of the nuclear weapons coin – the enormous amount of spending on these omnicidal weapons means that we don’t have money for addressing other existential threats, nor adequate social spending.

US leadership on nuclear disarmament is sorely needed to sustain our country and to keep the world whole.

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February 21, 2024
Nuclear deterrence is the existential threat. Not the nuclear ban treaty.

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Over the past week, our President Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes rallied the nuclear disarmament community to respond swiftly and forcefully to a recent article in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, written by Zachary Kallenborn, who alleged that the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) is an existential threat to humanity. Dr. Hughes worked with several colleagues to draft the response (Xanthe Hall of IPPNW Germany and ICAN Germany, Ira Helfand of IPPNW and Back from the Brink, Kati Juva of IPPNW and ICAN Finland, Mays Smithwich of NYCAN, and Frank Boulton of Medact). Their article was published by the Bulletin on January 22, which marked the third anniversary of the entry into force of the TPNW, and in addition to the drafters, was endorsed by over 100 individuals and organizations. The article can be found HERE or you can also read it below.

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AS PUBLISHED IN THE BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS ON JANUARY 22, 2023

In a deeply misguided article in this publication, Zachary Kallenborn contends that the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) is a threat to humanity. To build this narrative, Kallenborn does not simply present nuclear deterrence as a stable and useful framework for avoiding conventional wars. Rather, he goes beyond the common deterrence arguments to assert that nuclear weapons restrain world wars, which allows nations to work together on addressing existential threats. Nothing could be further from the truth.

Nuclear deterrence is a myth. Nuclear deterrence involves a nation state maintaining a believable threat of retaliation to deter an adversary’s attack. This relies on demonstrations of the readiness and the capacity to use nuclear weapons—a highly dangerous form of bluff which, in turn, makes those targeted increase their hardware and rhetoric. We are currently witnessing this kind of escalation among several nuclear weapon possessor states, which could result in nuclear war.

Nuclear deterrence rests on decision makers always behaving rationally; even if different states and parties weigh values, threats, and possible consequences in the same way, individual leaders do not always behave rationally. During the closing weeks of his presidency, Richard Nixon’s behavior was so erratic that James Schlesinger, the Secretary of Defense, instructed the Joint Chiefs of Staff to ignore any order to use nuclear weapons unless it was countersigned by himself and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Schlesinger had no authority to do this, and it is not clear the instructions would have been carried out if Nixon had ordered the use of nuclear weapons. After his electoral defeat in 2020, Donald Trump’s behavior was so bizarre that it triggered similar concerns in General Milley, the chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. But troubling behavior is not solely the province of US leaders. Boris Yeltsin, for example, had an alcohol problem, and the recent nuclear rhetoric from Russian leaders has been worrisome at best.

All leaders are capable of making bad decisions, and the stress of a military crisis, during which decisions might have to be made with limited or faulty intelligence and in a very compressed time frame, increases the chance that a leader would abandon the rational position that nuclear weapons should never be used and make a mistake that would be fatal for humanity.

The overarching assumption of nuclear deterrence is that the existence of nuclear weapons can continue indefinitely without anything ever going wrong, leading to the theory’s most concerning aspect: lack of plan B. In the words of Melissa Parke, the executive director of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), “Nuclear deterrence may well work until the day it doesn’t.” What happens when nuclear deterrence fails? The problem is that it is impossible to create a plan for that day. The International Committee for the Red Cross (ICRC) has been warning since 1945 that there can be no adequate humanitarian response even to a single nuclear weapon explosion, let alone to the hundreds or thousands that could be used in today’s conflicts. Contrary to the unrealistic logic of deterrence, many medical organizations and other civil society groups, including those that we are a part of, have been arguing, often for decades, that prevention is the only viable option.

The argument that nuclear deterrence has kept the world safe is simply wrong. Numerous close calls and near misses strongly suggest otherwise. From scholarly analyses to a simple list of such known incidents in the United States alone, the message is clear—we have been lucky, rather than smart. As UN Secretary General António Guterres stated at the 10^th Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference in 2022, “Luck is not a strategy.”

Close calls and near misses haven’t led to nuclear war yet. But nuclear weapons have been the cause of human suffering for decades. In addition to the horrors of what happened in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear weapons have already harmed millions of people in the process of being developed and tested. Devastatingly, governments of nuclear weapon possessors have harmed their own people, such as the people of Kazakhstan and the United States, and those whose care they’ve been entrusted with, such as the Indigenous people of Australia, the Marshall Islands, Kiribati, and Maohi Nui (French Polynesia). These humanitarian consequences have provided the impetus for action that is embedded in Articles 6 and 7 of the TPNW and a recently adopted resolution on nuclear justice in the UN General Assembly. Just in 2022, the global expenditure on nuclear weapons was $83 billion, an amount that could have been better spent on social programs and other needs. We are all harmed when societal needs are ignored in favor of weapons of mass destruction.

What the world needs to address other existential threats. Kallenborn is right that the world faces other global threats. And although some of them—just like nuclear weapons—have the potential to wipe out humanity, including a large asteroid impact or an emerging infectious disease, what is thoroughly different about nuclear weapons is that we have created them, and we can therefore eliminate them.

The majority of states in the world have access to the knowledge and very many have access to the means to build nuclear weapons, but they don’t. These states refrain from doing so because they see no value in having nuclear weapons. On the contrary, they recognize the threat that possessing nuclear weapons poses. Moreover, a verifiable process for ensuring that existing nuclear weapons have been eliminated and that new ones are not developed would have to be put in place as part of any nuclear abolition plan, including through the TPNW, with a competent international authority put in charge of this key process. Significant work on verification is ongoing through the International Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (IMS of CTBTO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the TPNW’s own Scientific Advisory Group (SAG), which was formed last year.

The elimination of all nuclear weapons and a concurrent international system of verification and monitoring would result in a far better scenario than where we find ourselves today. Even a hypothetical situation in which a nation cheats to make a few weapons following their total elimination would be far less dangerous than where we are today with a current global arsenal of approximately 12,500 warheads, which could destroy the world over and over again.

Climate change is—like nuclear war—an existential threat of great urgency, as its effects are devastating and could make entire regions of the planet uninhabitable. Added to this, climate change is already exacerbating conflicts due to the increase in food scarcity and natural disasters that displace populations and paralyze economies. These impacts will get worse with time. Combined with nuclear weapons, this regional and global instability arguably poses the greatest threat to humanity, as the Bulletin has repeatedly made clear with time adjustments to its Doomsday Clock. At the time of the writing of this article, the clock stands at just 90 seconds to midnight.

Nuclear winter refers to the fact that even limited regional nuclear war, such as between India and Pakistan, will trigger global climate disruption and catastrophic famine. Kallenborn alludes to this potential threat but tries to minimize the importance of nuclear winter studies by stating that there is a significant difference of opinion about this danger in the scientific community. He goes even further to warn us that such studies are motivated by “political biases and agendas.” Indeed, the one recent study from the Los Alamos Laboratory that minimizes the extent of climate change due to nuclear war may well be motivated by an agenda other than science; this study has been thoroughly rebutted. Incredibly, Kallenborn proposes that the response to the threat of global nuclear famine should be stockpiling enough food to feed billions of people for several years and cites the utterly inappropriate example of the 1948 Berlin airlift as the kind of effort needed.

Global cooperation, not threats of annihilation, must be the basis for addressing all existential threats. We live on a beautiful planet with a host of human-made and natural challenges that require us to move away from us vs. them attitudes and instead collectively cooperate to achieve global security for all humans in our common home. To this end, we must not normalize violent conflict on battlefields and threats to destroy one another. Instead, competition between states should be reserved for athletic fields and courts, business and commerce, and pursuit of scientific and artistic achievements.

The truth about the nuclear ban treaty. Arguably, the biggest falsehoods that Kallenborn promulgates revolve around the TPNW itself. For one, the treaty is not a quick fix that will lead to a sudden abolition of nuclear weapons in a vacuum. Rather, the treaty is an instrument that establishes a legal norm, which will lead to a process resulting in the elimination of nuclear weapons. The path that needs to be taken to reach this goal will, in itself, address the problem of great powers’ conflict and regional conflicts, as well as safe disarmament.

It is commonly claimed that nuclear deterrence has prevented a nuclear war from occurring. But we came to the brink of nuclear war several times during the Cold War, including during the Cuban Missile Crisis, and this claim about deterrence completely ignores the role of international agreements in de-escalating tensions and preventing a nuclear conflict. The process of creating instruments of arms control and disarmament establishes structures for regaining trust and verification. In this regard, the last decade has seen an erosion of the disarmament architecture, with the exception of the TPNW. As it stands, we may soon have no more brakes on the arms race.

As Kallenborn himself states, “the best way to reduce the risks of nuclear war is to ensure it never happens in the first place.” That precisely is the intention and the motivation of all of the 122 states that negotiated the TPNW in 2017 and an even larger number of states that have been voting in support of the treaty at the UN General Assembly every year since. The nine nuclear weapon possessors and their allies are the ones that need to prove that there is a convincing reason, or indeed any right, to hold the rest of the world hostage to their nuclear weapons. Kallenborn asserts that if nuclear weapons are eliminated, the great powers will launch World War III. In fact, the process of eliminating these weapons will create the conditions needed for a more cooperative relationship among the great powers, by removing the most dangerous issue that divides them.

The truth about the nuclear ban is spelled out in the text of the treaty itself, but also in the recently adopted Declaration that was the result of the Second Meeting of States Parties to the TPNW, held in New York late last year. The Declaration highlights the raison d’être for the ban, as well as the way forward.

Abolition is the only reasonable path. Nuclear weapons and current nuclear weapon policies are, in the words of the late peace and nuclear disarmament activist Daniel Ellsberg, “dizzyingly insane and immoral.” Aiming solely for reducing the harm or the possibility of harm that nuclear weapons could cause, rather than being a part of a process to abolish them, is simply not enough. Imagine if the opponents of slavery had aimed not to abolish slavery, but to make life a bit better for the enslaved people? Ultimately, the question of nuclear abolition is not just a moral one, but an existential one. If we don’t abolish nuclear weapons, they will abolish us. John F. Kennedy stated this at the United Nations more than 60 years ago. Let’s heed his words sooner rather than later and, critically, before it is too late.

Acknowledgements

The following individuals contributed significantly to the writing of this article:

Kati Juva, Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR) Finland, IPPNW

Frank Boulton, Medact (IPPNW UK)

The following individuals endorse the views expressed in this article:

Michael Orgel, Medact Scotland & Medact UK Nuclear Weapons Group, Edinburgh

Timmon Wallis, NuclearBan.US

Hasse Schneidermann, Forbyd Atomvåben – ICAN in Denmark

Christian Ciobanu, NAPF and Reverse the Trend (RTT)

Alice Slater, World BEYOND War

Becker Raymond, Cercle Vivi Hommel, Luxembourg

Michele Di Paolantonio, AIMPGN Italian Medical Association for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW Italy)

Lisa Clark, Italian Peace and Disarmament Network

Kathleen Sullivan, Hiroshima Stories and NYCAN

Emily Welty, Pace University

Anastasia Shakhidzhanova, NAPF and Columbia University

Matthew Breay Bolton, Pace University

Spencer Graves, EffectiveDefense.org and PeaceWorks Kansas City

Gari Donn, UN House Scotland

Bill Kidd MSP, Scottish Parliament

Carol Gilbert, Grand Rapids Dominican Sister

Barbara Rose Johnston, Center for Political Ecology

Gerry Condon, Veterans For Peace, Golden Rule

John LaForge, Nukewatch

John Reuwer, PSR, World BEYOND War

Alan Robock, Rutgers University

Patrick Hiller, War Prevention Initiative

Donald A. Smith, PhD

David Hartsough, World Beyond War

Melissa Parke, ICAN

Steve Leeper, Peace Culture Village, Hiroshima

Carol Wolman, Voices for a Nuclear Free Future

David Swanson, World BEYOND War

Nicolas J. S. Davies, CODEPINK

Bobby Vaughn Jr, Investigative Journalist

Barbara Newsom, United Religions Initiative, Voices for a World Free of Nuclear Weapons

Jill Haberman, Peace & Justice Coordinator for Sisters of St. Francis of Assis, WI

Rosemary Field, Medact, UK

Jay Coghlan, Nuclear Watch New Mexico

Glenn Carroll, Nuclear Watch South

Ruth Mitchell, IPPNW

Susan Mirsky, MA Peace Action

Paul Andrews, Voices for a World Free of Nuclear Weapons

Tom Sauer, Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgium

Oda Andersen Nyborg, The Norwegian Peace Council

Diane Fine, MA 350

Lisa Fredrikson, Veterans For Peace

Veterans for Peace

Cynthia Lazaroff, Women Transforming Our Nuclear Legacy and NuclearWakeUpCall.Earth

Frank Bognar, NAPF

Kim Joy Bergier, Michigan Stop the Nuclear Bombs Campaign

Andrew S. Kanter, PSR and Columbia University

Linda Pentz Gunter, Beyond Nuclear

John Raby, Peace Action Maine

Michael Ramos, Voices for a World Free of Nuclear Weapons

Lynne Hall, Massachusetts Peace Action

Joni Arends, Concerned Citizens for Nuclear Safety, New Mexico

Ludo De Brabander, Vrede vzw (Belgian peace movement)

Carol E Green, Peace with Justice Committee, the Holston Conference of the United Methodist Church

Haruko Moritaki, Hiroshima Allians for Nuclear Weapons Abollition

WE Rotary Club of International Peace, TRUST Climate Action Strategists

Lynn Jamieson, Scottish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

Martin Fleck, PSR

Philip Webber, Scientists for Global Responsibility (UK)

Tom Vilmer Paamand, Aldrig Mere Krig – WRI Denmark

Hsin Yen Phoebe Mok, beHuman

Janet Fenton, Secure Scotland

Cletus Stein, Alliance for Nuclear Accountability

Sunny Robinson, public health nurse, retired.

Jack Cohen-Joppa, the Nuclear Resister

Felice Cohen-Joppa, the Nuclear Resister

Cherrill Spencer, DISARM/End Wars Committee of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, US Section

Gar Smith, Environmentalists Against War

Kathleen Hamill, Mass Peace Action and NuclearBan.US

Helen Caldicott, PSR

Tomohiko Aishima, Soka Gakkai International (SGI)

Anna Ikeda, SGI and Voices for a World Free of Nuclear Weapons

John Hallam, People for Nuclear Disarmament

Tove Jensen, Demos, The Initiative for Peace

Angel Ballesteros, Justice and Peace Spain and University of Burgos

Claus Montonen, Technology for Life Finland, International Network of Engineers and Scientists for Global Responsibility

Hunter Peace Group NSW Australia

Martha Inés Romero, Pax Christi International

Fco. Javier Alonso, Comisión General Justicia y Paz de España

Maribel Hernández, Alianza por el Desarme Nuclear

Juliane Hauschulz, ICAN Germany and IPPNW Germany

Anthony Donovan, Veterans For Peace, Catholic Worker, War Resister League, Peace Action NY, Pax Christi NY, ICANW

Per Kristensen

Marian Losse, ICAN Deutschland

Mary T. Yelenick, Pax Christi International

Ranjith Jayasekera, Sri-Lanka Doctors for Peace and Development

Kenneth Chiu, NAPF

Elizabeth Waterston, Medact (IPPNW UK)

Ghassan Shahrour

Richard Krushnic, Massachusetts Peace Action, Mass Public Banking, Cambridge Residents Alliance, Boston Workers Circle

Seth Shelden, ICAN

Robert Kinsey, The Colorado Coalition for Prevention of Nuclear War

Linda Cataldo Modica, Catholic Committee of Appalachia TN Chapter

Linda Chapman, NYCAN & Youth Arts New York

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January 24, 2024
UNGA Adopts Resolution on Nuclear Justice

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On December 22, 2023, at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the resolution entitled “Addressing the Legacy of Nuclear Weapons: Providing Victim Assistance and Environmental Remediation to States Affected by the Use or Testing of Nuclear Weapons.” This historic resolution was tabled by the Republics of Kazakhstan and Kiribati, two countries impacted by the nuclear testing conducted by the Soviet Union, in the case of Kazakhstan, and by the United States and the United Kingdom, in the case of Kiribati. The resolution marks a pivotal step in a long journey towards addressing the legacy of nuclear weapons and achieving nuclear justice.

The resolution’s primary purpose is to lay the groundwork for global collaboration and aid, focusing on mitigating the harm inflicted on countries that have experienced the use or testing of nuclear weapons. Furthermore, the resolution outlines measures for evaluating the impact of nuclear tests and explores pathways for offering both practical and financial support to those affected, as well as strategies for the rehabilitation of regions contaminated by radiation.

This resolution, co-sponsored by 41 UN Member States representing diverse global regions, was overwhelmingly approved with 161 nations voting in favor in the General Assembly (previous vote in the General Assembly’s First Committee resulted in 171 votes in favor). However, the resolution faced opposition from four countries—North Korea (DPRK), France, Russia, and the United Kingdom—and six abstentions, coming from China, India, Israel, Pakistan, South Sudan, and the United States. Despite these dissenting and neutral positions, the resolution’s passage with such a substantial majority underscores a global recognition of the need to address the consequences of nuclear testing. The resolution is an example of the way in which the norms and expectations attached to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (the treaty’s humanitarian provisions spelled out in Articles 6 and 7, more specifically) are becoming universalized.

We are delighted to support these efforts of Kazakhstan and Kiribati and offer our congratulations to their governments and diplomats on this victory, as well as gratitude for their commitment to nuclear justice and nuclear abolition. Special shoutout goes to our Policy and Advocacy Coordinator, Christian Ciobanu, who, working as an advisor to the Kiribati government, moved mountains to make this resolution a stunning success. This is an important step on the road toward nuclear justice and elimination of nuclear weapons, to ensure that such victims are never created again.

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Read the resolution HERE and below.

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UNGA Resolution Vote Tally: 161 Favor, 4 Oppose (DPRK, France, Russia, UK), 6 Abstain (China, India, Israel, Pakistan, South Sudan, USA).

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Individual Country Votes

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Article on Nuclear Justice in The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists

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Article on Nuclear Justice in The Nation

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[pdf id=’23912′]
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January 2, 2024
President’s Letter – A Year of Loss

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December 21, 2023

Dear NAPF Community,

For NAPF and for so many around the world, 2023 has been a year of loss. Just two weeks ago, we lost our co-founder and President Emeritus, Dr. David Krieger, whose light shone brightly and whose inspiring legacy continues to drive the mission and work of the Foundation. As we mourn David’s passing, we also look to celebrating his life by continuing to spread his message of the imperative of peace in the nuclear age and the necessity of nuclear abolition.

Other dear friends of NAPF have also left us this year, including Ben Ferencz, Daisaku Ikeda, Daniel Ellsberg, and Harry Belafonte. We turn to their work and their words in these challenging times for our world to seek inspiration and strength. As we also mourn the loss of lives, most especially children, from Ukraine to Syria, Israel, and Gaza, through the Sahel and beyond, we search for common ground with our fellow human beings.

One glimmer of hope in these trying times has been the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW). The Second Meeting of States Parties to the TPNW took place just a few weeks ago at the United Nations in New York and NAPF was an active participant. Please see below for our statements, events, and more at this important meeting. In 2024, NAPF will continue to focus on promoting and furthering the implementation of this historic treaty and on our nuclear justice work, especially through the UN Resolution, put forward by the Republics of Kazakhstan and Kiribati and adopted this fall. In between, we will write, give interviews, empower and educate young people through internships and our youth initiative Reverse the Trend, and hold events virtually and around the globe, including an event on March 14 in Santa Barbara, to celebrate David Krieger’s legacy. Save the date!

If you have supported our work this year, thank you! We couldn’t have done it without you! And if you haven’t, please consider making even a small donation to support our efforts. One small donation may not make a big difference, but many of them would!

I hope that being with loved ones will bring you peace and joy this holiday season and send all my best wishes for a healthful and more peaceful 2024.

Most warmly,

Ivana

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Events and Updates

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Article in The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists —————————————————

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NAPF Statement at the Second Meeting of States Parties to the TPNW at the United Nations

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Recap of all NAPF activities at the Second Meeting of States Parties to the TPNW

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In Memory of Dr. David Krieger

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Obituary

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Obituary in Spanish

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Article by Prof. Richard Falk

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Article in TMS

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2023 President’s Letters

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February 2023

April 2023

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June 2023

August 2023

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October 2023

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Follow us on social media!

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transform_translate_x_hover=”0″ transform_translate_y_hover=”0″ transform_rotate_hover=”0″ transform_skew_x_hover=”0″ transform_skew_y_hover=”0″ transform_origin=”” transition_duration=”300″ transition_easing=”ease” transition_custom_easing=”” motion_effects=”” scroll_motion_devices=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” last=”false” border_position=”all” first=”true” spacing_right=””][fusion_imageframe image_id=”24494|full” aspect_ratio=”” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”none” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”” caption_text=”” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” 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Our Website

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”1_4″ layout=”1_4″ align_self=”auto” content_layout=”column” align_content=”flex-start” valign_content=”flex-start” content_wrap=”wrap” spacing=”” center_content=”no” column_tag=”div” link=”” target=”_self” link_description=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” type_medium=”” type_small=”” flex_grow_medium=”” flex_grow_small=”” flex_grow=”” flex_shrink_medium=”” flex_shrink_small=”” flex_shrink=”” order_medium=”0″ order_small=”0″ dimension_spacing_medium=”” dimension_spacing_small=”” dimension_spacing=”” dimension_margin_medium=”” dimension_margin_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_medium=”” padding_small=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” hover_type=”none” border_sizes=”” border_color_hover=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_radius=”” box_shadow=”no” 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transform_translate_x_hover=”0″ transform_translate_y_hover=”0″ transform_rotate_hover=”0″ transform_skew_x_hover=”0″ transform_skew_y_hover=”0″ transform_origin=”” transition_duration=”300″ transition_easing=”ease” transition_custom_easing=”” motion_effects=”” scroll_motion_devices=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” last=”false” border_position=”all” first=”false” spacing_right=””][fusion_imageframe image_id=”24495|full” aspect_ratio=”” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”https://twitter.com/napf” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”none” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”” caption_text=”” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2.png[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” 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Twitter (X)

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transform_translate_x_hover=”0″ transform_translate_y_hover=”0″ transform_rotate_hover=”0″ transform_skew_x_hover=”0″ transform_skew_y_hover=”0″ transform_origin=”” transition_duration=”300″ transition_easing=”ease” transition_custom_easing=”” motion_effects=”” scroll_motion_devices=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” last=”false” border_position=”all” first=”false” spacing_right=””][fusion_imageframe image_id=”24496|full” aspect_ratio=”” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”https://www.facebook.com/wagingpeace/” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”none” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”” caption_text=”” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/3.png[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” 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Facebook

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December 21, 2023