Nuclear Age Peace Foundation

Category: Nuclear Abolition

Elaine Scarry: The Extortionist’s Doctrine

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The Extortionist’s Doctrine

(We are excited to share this brilliant article by Professor Elaine Scarry, who delivered our 2019 Kelly Lecture and is a member of our Advisory Council.)

On the persistence of U.S. nuclear deterrence policy.

September 26, 2024 | Elaine Scarry
*Originally published in the Boston Review

The key structure of the doctrine of nuclear deterrence is audible in the September 4, 2024, speech by U.S. Deputy Under Secretary of Defense Cara Abercrombie: “Any nuclear attack by the DPRK against the United States or its allies and partners is unacceptable and will result in the end of that regime.” The doctrine, which the United States has embraced since the Cold War, aims to prevent an adversary from launching a nuclear weapon by assuring that any first strike will be followed by a retaliatory second strike, whose effects will equal or exceed the original damage and may eliminate the adversary altogether. This annihilating reflex of deterrence is equally audible in the quiet words of the Department of Defense in its web page on “America’s Nuclear Triad,” its sea-based, land-based, and air-based delivery platforms: “The triad, along with assigned forces, provide 24/7 deterrence to prevent catastrophic actions from our adversaries and they stand ready, if necessary, to deliver a decisive response, anywhere, anytime.”

Framed wholly as defensive and preventative (and from day to day, largely successful in deflecting our attention from the actual first use stance the country has had for nearly eighty years), deterrence would almost have the aura of peacekeeping, were it not the mental platform undergirding our fourteen Ohio-class submarines (each able to singlehandedly destroy one of Earth’s seven continents), four hundred land-based ICBMs, and sixty-six B-52 and B-2 stealth bombers. Although the physical act of unbuilding the nuclear architecture is easily within reach—it would take at most four weeks to dismantle all the nuclear triggers throughout the world, a decisive because disabling first step—the mental architecture of deterrence is the major impediment to doing so.

One of the fiercest critics of nuclear deterrence is the former commander in chief of the U.S. Strategic Command, General Lee Butler. While serving in that role, Butler simultaneously served as Director of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff, overseeing the selection and coordination of twelve thousand nuclear targets. In the year the Berlin Wall fell, he became the director for strategic plans and policy in the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Butler could be crowing about the roles he had in overseeing the country’s nuclear deterrence in the twentieth century. Instead, from the deep interior of our country’s nuclear architecture, he has for decades denounced both the practice and theory of nuclear deterrence.

In a 1996 address to the National Press Club, General Butler called for the abolition of nuclear weapons. He repeated that call in a speech before the National Press Club in 1998 where he outlined the strategic and moral failings of deterrence, and he elaborated those failings in his 2016 two-volume memoir, Uncommon Cause: A Life at Odds with Convention. Here is Butler’s overview of nuclear deterrence:

Appropriated from the lexicon of conventional warfare, this simple prescription for adequate military preparedness became in the nuclear age a formula for potential catastrophe. [Deterrence is] premised on a litany of unwarranted assumptions, unprovable assertions and logical contradictions.

Butler’s 1996 call for the elimination of nuclear weapons had been swiftly endorsed by sixty retired U. S. admirals and one hundred heads of state and government leaders, all of whom signed a public document confirming abolition as the correct course of action. But, despite his high standing, Butler’s 1998 denunciation of deterrence—while leading to energetic phone calls (for and against), interviews, and conference invitations (including one from Mikhail Gorbachev)—did not result in any formally codified statement of support, nor does it seem to have led to any publicly available counterstatement, an argument rejecting Butler’s claims and defending the coherence of the doctrine that sustains nuclear arsenals, its ethical stature, and its capacity to protect.

After looking at Butler’s analysis, this essay will turn to the writings of Thomas Schelling—the 2005 Nobel prize–winning economist who offered the most comprehensive case for deterrence. The Department of Defense identifies Schelling as “one of the intellectual founders of U.S. nuclear deterrence thinking”; his writings are still used by practitioners today. Can Schelling rebut Butler’s charges? Can nuclear deterrence be defended?

General Butler identifies eight flaws in the mindset and practice of nuclear deterrence:

1. Deterrence “flies in the face of the most vital goal of national security: to ensure the survival of the nation.” Deterrence not only fails to fulfill this primary obligation; it radically contradicts it because it allows the fate of the country—and indeed the world—to turn on a vision of human action and judgment as infallible. This failure leads to Butler’s conclusion that “as a nation we have no greater responsibility than to rethink our reliance on nuclear deterrence, however unpalatable that may be intellectually or politically.”

2. Deterrence is “fatally flawed at the most fundamental level of human psychology.” It is premised on each side in a nuclear conflict presuming to place themselves in the opponent’s position; each believes they are able to understand the other side’s thinking, when in fact there’s no understanding, and often even very little attempt to understand one another. Leaders often aren’t rational, and even in cases where the leaders are “rational,” deterrence doesn’t prevent catastrophe. Robert McNamara, in his interview with filmmaker Errol Morris in Morris’s documentary Fog of War, says of the Cuban Missile Crisis: “Kennedy was rational. Khrushchev was rational.” And yet they came within a “hair’s breadth of war with the Soviet Union on three different occasions”; it was only “luck” that saved us, McNamara insists. Butler’s critique also draws on the Cuban Missile crisis: he stresses the “fog of mutual misperception” while “[clinging] to the notion that such a war could be reliably deterred.” With the United States and Soviet Union, it was “a dialogue of the blind with the deaf,” a conflict between two “darkly suspicious adversaries.”

3. The third flaw in deterrence theory is that “the consequences of its failure are intolerable.” With conventional weapons, if you fail to deter, the consequences are bad: you may have just lost the battle; you may even have lost the war; your nation may even be now redesigned to become another nation. But you haven’t lost your whole population and certainly the earth survives. In nuclear deterrence failure, all is destroyed: failing means “poisoning the earth and deforming its inhabitants for generation upon generation”; jeopardizing “not just the fate of nations but the very meaning of civilization.”

4. The fourth flaw is a fatal contradiction at the very center of deterrence thinking. Deterrence relies on the specter of a huge “second strike” capacity. If my opponent contemplates striking me first, he will be discouraged when he sees that even after that strike, I have an arsenal that can deliver massive retaliation, or at least retaliation far beyond what I just suffered.

But here is the contradiction. To my opponent, this mighty second strike arsenal that I’ve amassed looks an awful lot like a first strike arsenal; and fearing that I might deliver a massive first strike blow, my opponents now have to vastly increase their own second strike line of discouragement, which in turn looks to me like a first strike option. Thus massive second strike—the key to deterrence defined as the practice of preventing nuclear war by discouraging a first strike—somersaults into the perceived position of a first strike. “The bar of deterrence,” Butler writes, “ratchets higher, igniting yet another cycle of trepidation, worst-case assumptions and ever-mounting levels of destructive capability.”

In a 2024 interview, MIT’s Ted Postol argues that the long-range missiles now being scheduled to be stationed in Germany by 2026 for defensive purposes will almost certainly be perceived by Russians as a first strike preparation. Butler gives the earlier example of nuclear-armed MIRVs (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles) that, intended as second strike deterrence, instead “exacerbated serious fears of a nuclear first strike.” Echoing Butler’s description, interviews with twenty-two top Soviet military leaders after the breakup of the Soviet Union suggest that while the announced U.S. policy during the Cold War was second strike deterrence, the Soviet Union believed the United States was preparing for a first strike. Their list of first strike “indicators” leads with MIRVs:

[Soviet military leaders’] most frequently cited indicators included: the development of the highly accurate, multiple warhead MX missile system; programs to develop accurate multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRV) warheads for existing missile systems (putting Soviet land-based ICBMs and control systems at risk); the relative vulnerability of U.S. missile silos and control centers to ground bursts; the large and diverse arsenal of tactical nuclear weapons in Europe; the consistent rejection by the United States of no first use doctrine; the deployment of the Pershing II missile and ground and sea launched cruise missiles capable of striking command and control targets in Soviet territory with little warning; and the issuance of Presidential Decision Memorandum 59 (PD-59), which the Soviets viewed to be a deliberate policy for launching a surprise decapitating first strike against the Soviet leadership.

Not surprising is the conclusion the adversary drew from this list of indicators: “Soviet modeling and testing was based on the assumption that the United States would strike first.”

5. The fifth flaw follows directly from that central contradiction. Deterrence, Butler writes, fails utterly “as a guide in setting rational limits on size and composition of U.S. and Soviet forces. To the contrary: the appetite of deterrence is “voracious.” It creates an “insatiable arms race.”

The endless weapons research and production result from competition, not just among the weapons makers but between the Air Force and the Navy, who both compete for a preeminent position in the nuclear array. As a result, “new technology is inspired, together with new nuclear weapons designs, and soon new delivery systems roll from production lines.” What proliferates isn’t just weapons but also the “nether worlds” of bureaucracies: “astronomically expensive infrastructures, monolithic bureaucracies, complex processes that defied control or comprehension.”

But the drive for new weapons comes not just from greed or the excitement of creating ever more ingenious forms of massacre; it also comes from that second strike/first strike paradox that resides at the heart of the deterrence philosophy. Deterrence expands rather than contracts the dangers; it heats up rather than cools off; it proliferates weapons and network complexity rather than dampening them down. “As their numbers [swell],” writes Butler, “so [mount] the stakes of miscalculation, of a crisis spun out of control.”

6. The sixth flaw is the profound moral aberration of deterrence. Butler writes: “What better illustration of misplaced faith in nuclear deterrence than the persistent belief that retaliation with nuclear weapons is a legitimate and appropriate response to post–Cold War threats posed by weapons of mass destruction? What could possibly justify our resort to the very means we properly abhor and condemn? . . . What target could warrant such retaliation? Would we hold an entire society accountable for the decision of a single demented leader?”

7. Closely related is the seventh flaw: even before any missiles are launched or populations are slain, deterrence destroys the minds and souls of those who have to bandy about the word “deterrence.”

Butler worries that the cavalier reference to killing millions of people must harm anyone speaking that way. And part of what he considers is the tonal distance between the petty and trivializing idiom of a game theory framework and the immensity and complexity of the reality. So he writes at one point, “invoking deterrence [becomes] a cheap rhetorical parlor trick, a verbal sleight of hand. Proponents persist in dressing it up to court changing times and temperaments” so it will always “fit shrinking or distorted threats.” He adds, “Its wiles cannot be contained.” Butler never names game theory (nor does he ever risk compromising security by quoting the actual sentences swirling around him in the Pentagon or White House or Offutt Air Force Base). He instead, as here, uses the language of parlor tricks, gambling, “aura of utility,” the “easy semantic cover” of deterrence, its quality as “catechism,” “litany,” “folly,” a hybrid of “simple precept” and “treacherous application.” Game theory is widely acknowledged to underwrite much of deterrence theory, and individuals like Thomas Schelling openly describe long bouts of strategic gaming with leading civilian and military leaders. Schelling also describes his own government service in the early 1950s, and his early recognition that bargaining was key to the nuclear architecture.

For Butler, the vocabulary and mental practices of nuclear deterrence damage individuals because they “pander to our darkest instincts. They corrode our sense of humanity, numb our capacity for moral outrage, and make thinkable the unimaginable.” They damage individuals whether they live in capitalist or communist states. Just as deterrence theory damages individuals, so it damages groups of planners. It replaces discussion, deliberation, and debate with a set of moves. Rather than listening to the other side, we’re caught in what one theorist—David Runciman in his 2018 How Democracies End—calls “a technical game of tit-for-tat advantage.”

Butler writes, “From the very beginning of the nuclear era, the objective scrutiny and searching debate essential to adequate comprehension and responsible oversight of its vast enterprises were foreshortened or foregone. The cold light of dispassionate scrutiny was shuttered in the name of security, doubts dismissed in the name of an acute and unrelenting threat, objections overruled by incantations of the nuclear priesthood.”

8. Lastly, nuclear deterrence theory promotes international proliferation. If we think deterrence makes the world safer, then many other countries should adopt it too. Thus it not only incites proliferation by prompting the nuclear country to keep making new weapons; it also proliferates nuclear arsenals by spreading the weapons and ways of thinking to other, formerly non-nuclear, countries. As Butler warns, “Others are listening, [and] have converted to our theology.”

The U.S. defense priesthood celebrates deterrence as keeping the world safe in the second half of the twentieth century and leading to the breakup of the Soviet Union. Butler once believed this account, but says those decades are far too complex to allow us to believe we already comprehend what happened, and that understanding will only come about after many decades. In the meantime, much evidence contradicts the notion that nuclear deterrence brought down the Berlin Wall: Butler cites Soviet archives crediting NATO’s conventional forces and soft power.

Describing a deeply flawed strategy through these eight flaws, Butler launches his devastating critique of deterrence from the inside as a framework with an “awful willingness not simply to tempt the apocalypse but to prepare its way.” The beliefs and mindsets it generates, he argues, “must be let go.”

While other Department of Defense insiders have not—to this writer’s knowledge—issued a similar denunciation of deterrence, some have issued an equally clear call for nuclear abolition, as can be heard in the words of late Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (whose call for a nuclear-free world assisted the emergence of Nuclear Zero), former Secretary of Defense William Perry (founder of the William Perry Project, the aim of which is to awaken the American public to the dire twenty-first-century peril), and late Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara (who in the pages of Foreign Policy and elsewhere described U.S. nuclear weapons policy as “illegal, immoral, and dreadfully dangerous”). Although Kissinger, Perry, and McNamara do not explicitly denounce deterrence as a lie, their call for nuclear abolition reveals their conviction that nuclear deterrence is a false doctrine: a person who believes the Orwellian platitude that “nuclear deterrence prevents nuclear war” would never call for the elimination of nuclear weapons. McNamara and Perry may instead be accurately described as “agonizing” about the urgent importance of eliminating nuclear weapons: McNamara’s eloquent soliloquies in Fog of War, for example, sound—in the strain those soliloquies place on his chest and neck—closer to bodily retching or praying than to speaking. He is a man almost on his knees supplicating the public to hear what he is saying.

While we wait for a government insider or defense contractor to step up to the plate to answer General Butler’s eight charges, we can turn to Schelling, father of deterrence theory, whose influential writings and public talks are routinely (and not inaccurately) described as brilliant. Perhaps he provides the best case that can be given for deterrence. Game theory, as the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy points out in its essay on the subject, was originally only a theoretical construct until it got its first real-world material to play with—nuclear war. Schelling’s trio of books on the subject—The Strategy of Conflict (1960), Strategy and Arms Control (1961), and Arms and Influence (1966)—were some of the primary conduits through whom the gift to game theorists was delivered.

Schelling’s case for deterrence bypasses some of Butler’s grounds of denunciation and anticipates others, but does not appear to successfully overcome any of them. He is wholly silent on the moral turpitude of nuclear deterrence in arranging for the mass slaying of populations either by a first strike or a second strike. Schelling raises no query about the moral status of deterrence, or about what he at one point in Arms and Influence quotes a fellow scholar describing as “the usual mercies.” He certainly uses adjectives which ordinarily have a moral valence, as when he describes nuclear bargaining as a particularly “vicious” form of negotiation, or its violence as “monstrous.” But adjectives like “vicious” and “monstrous” are not invoked to express disapproval and certainly not to advocate stepping away from the practice of deterrence being described. And in noting the parallel between international nuclear threats and blackmail or extortion by gangs, he is not launching into a recommendation that we step away from such practices. There are hundreds of such moments in Arms and Influence, reissued in 2008 (this time with a new preface from Schelling providing assurance that its principles are still relevant to the present and to all the new players—new nuclear states) and again in 2020.

Because Schelling bypasses Butler’s sixth flaw, it is not surprising that he also bypasses the seventh, namely, Butler’s perception that the practitioners of deterrence, even if they have not yet overseen the launch of a weapon that massacres a people, have harmed their own minds and hearts by tossing about language that makes them incapable of hearing their own inhumanity. Schelling uses the deterrence language with speed and lucidity and does not pause to voice any worry about the surviving integrity of his own mind and soul. He notes, for example, one practice that might increase the chance that the United States and Russia will abstain from launching weapons against one another: to have all American children spend their kindergarten year in Russia and all Russian children spend their kindergarten year in the United States. (He is careful to stipulate that a given year’s kindergarteners will not be permitted to leave the opponent’s country until the next year’s kindergartners have arrived on that soil.) Schelling’s hideously ingenious suggestion might well be cited by advocates of nuclear abolition, since it shows how maniacal the peril is by showing how maniacal the solution is. But Schelling does not provide the example as prelude to any recommendation for negotiating the weapons out of existence. Similarly, noting that scientists have at times feared that nuclear fission might ignite the atmosphere, he observes that, were that the case, countries could figure out exactly how many nuclear weapons (N) would need to be detonated to ignite the atmosphere and then themselves proceed to detonate N-1 weapons. Rather than working to negotiate nuclear weapons out of existence—the best way to prevent nuclear weapons from exploding the atmosphere or kindergarten children from getting slain—Schelling rests content with keeping the nuclear weapons on hand and carrying out baroque and macabre cruelties to forestall the ultimate civilization-destroying disaster. Though he only rarely introduces disarmament in any of his books, his tone is dismissive when he does. In Strategy of Conflict, he notes that disarmament proposals tend to be either “ingenious” (i.e. unrealistic) or “sentimental” (i.e. worthy of scorn).

In her preface to the 2020 edition of Arms and Influence, Anne-Marie Slaughter suggests that Schelling’s agility in moving between nuclear deterrence examples of negotiation and examples of negotiating traffic jams and child-raising indicates his “humanity,” revealing that he thinks of himself as residing in the midst of targeted civilians (people driving or parenting) rather than among those launching the weapons. But the tonal discrepancy between nuclear war and playful scenarios in which one is outwitted by one’s own children or by fellow drivers might arguably be construed as indicative of the psychic numbing Butler worries about. In the book, Schelling discusses the role of fallout shelters (hypothetical, as he notes, since the United States—unlike Russia, Switzerland, and Norway—has almost none), arguing that the government may jeopardize its warfighting position if it reveals its anticipation of war by warning the population to go into them. Likewise, he worries that if the population were warned in advance and then resided in shelters for several weeks while the nuclear conflict hadn’t yet begun, awareness of the population’s limited endurance might “coerce” the government into initiating a war it might not otherwise undertake.

The loss of reality that a practitioner of deterrence theory is likely to suffer is illustrated when Schelling says in an interview that one could, before actually “using” nuclear weapons, “demonstrate” one’s willingness to use them by launching one, five, or ten nuclear weapons: “a shot across the bow.” Most people would not perceive five nuclear weapons—let’s say, traveling toward Boston, New York, Chicago, Washington, or Miami (or any quintet of cities in any country on earth)—as merely a “demonstration” or indication of a future willingness to use nuclear weapons. Such a startling idea might seem just an anomaly arising out of an interview. But in fact, it is very much part of strategic preparations that differentiates the SIOP (Single Integrated Operational Plan, in which thousands of weapons are exchanged in six hours) from LNO (Limited Nuclear Options, where a small number of missiles are launched), according to William Odom, who served as military assistant to Zbigniew Brzezinski during the Carter presidency. He describes his and Brzezinski’s desire to speak with Carter’s Chiefs of Staff about what seemed to them the incomprehensible logic of their LNO plan, but they instead received a memorandum assuring them it would increase credibility with the adversary. Odom writes:

I was puzzled. Why would a half-dozen nuclear weapons launched at any target in the Soviet Union be less likely to provoke a large retaliatory nuclear response if coupled with a Soviet invasion of Western Europe? I tried to imagine President Carter sending Brezhnev a message over the Washington-Moscow Hotline, telling him than an LNO would soon be coming, and not to panic because it consisted of only six weapons and was intended to underscore U.S. credibility and lead to deescalation. And suppose Brezhnev responded, “I understand. I recognize your ‘credibility’ problem, but now I have a credibility problem. So I am launching only four nuclear weapons at Seattle. Do not panic. Additional strikes will not follow before we begin to negotiate.” What could the president do at this point?

Schelling himself identifies as an important flaw in nuclear deterrence a lack of sufficient thinking about how or when two sides can “pause” in the midst of missile exchanges and about how to reach an end. In war, writes Paul Kecskemeti in Strategic Surrender, both sides cling ardently to their beliefs. In order for the war to end, one of them must give up their beliefs; this only happens because gradually losses accumulate, and one side undergoes a perceptual reversal, a “political reorientation” where the idea or possession they thought they couldn’t part with now seems something they can part with. The speed of nuclear war (happening in hours or days), coupled with the structural absence of pauses, makes such a process of reorientation impossible. Schelling himself does not appear to provide any solution to the absence of any rest stops throughout the nuclear exchange. But he very much pictures himself directly speaking to military strategists. His 2008 preface to Arms and Influence, for example, directly acknowledges that military and government officials will make use of his book, and he expresses the hope that new nuclear states will do likewise. He worries that there has been little attempt to build a “pause” option; but again, he is not worried about deterrence, only noting what remains to be done.

Schelling’s bypassing of Butler’s sixth and seventh objections prepares us to recognize how he also evades the first. Butler expresses concern about the military’s first “obligation”—to ensure the survival of the nation. Far from presenting the safety of the population as the highest goal, Schelling observes that a country’s deterrence efforts may well be strengthened if the country makes clear to the opponent its willingness to lose some of its own cities. This argument would seem to be a very direct illustration of Butler’s charge that deterrence fails to ensure national survival, since it provides the country’s national security apparatus with intellectual license to offer one or more of its cities to nuclear annihilation as a way of making good on its own threats. The strategic advantages of the “hostage” phenomenon—whether dwellers in a specified city or all children of kindergarten age or the seven thousand American soldiers in West Berlin whose only purpose, says Schelling, is to die in order to guarantee U.S. retaliation in the event of Soviet trespass into the city—is key throughout Arms and Influence. Partial elimination of the opponent’s population is preferable to total elimination not because fewer people are killed, but because only the existence of survivors provides negotiating power.

Schelling certainly sees the nuclear era as exceptional in the history of warfare, but he does not think the potentially large number of casualties is especially impressive, and he prefaces statements about the whole species being lost by the dismissive phrase “it is said”:

Man has, it is said, for the first time in history enough military power to eliminate his species from the earth. . . . War has become, it is said, so destructive and terrible that it ceases to be an instrument of national power. . . . For dramatic impact these statements are splendid. . . . they do not help to identify just what is new about war.

In World War II, he argues, U.S. soldiers could have killed every individual in Japan with an ice pick. This conclusion seems starkly wrong: Schelling forgets that to do so would require convincing thousands of individual U.S. soldiers to participate (without resistance or dissent) in this inconceivable act (accomplishing the same outcome with nuclear weapons requires only a single individual, the president, to assent); equally inconceivable is the idea that those U.S. soldiers who enter into one-on-one combat with Japanese citizens would in each case be the survivor. But even if his heartlessly inventive examples were plausible, they do not match the loss of the whole species, widely recognized to be a possible outcome of nuclear war and something that differentiates it from conventional warfare in the past or future. “Species” rarely occurs in his text (except to designate a subgenre of intellectual strategy unconnected to human beings); nor does the word “earth.”

Nothing in Schelling suggests that he is at peace with our whole nation (let alone our whole planetary civilization) being lost, but neither does he very often seem to perceive the truth of the “splendid” sentences pointing to the loss of the whole species as a possibility, nor does he put forward an argument that we are not in danger of losing our whole population. In Butler’s formulation the military, or national security, has as its primary responsibility ensuring our country’s survival, yet Schelling might well point out that it is wholly predictable that his own view should be at odds with the military’s (and hence with Butler’s) since he repeatedly stresses throughout Arms and Influence that strategy in the nuclear age is at odds with classical military strategy on exactly this point. He repeatedly differentiates military objectives (victory; disabling the other side’s military force) from nuclear negotiation (“hurt” and “suffering”), outcomes he believes the military has almost never sought, except in rare exceptions such as Sherman’s march through Georgia or Sheridan’s against the Comanches: their wanton acts of cruelty, he writes, are rare instances where military practice of the past provided precedents for the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings. Thus he writes: “Proud military establishments do not like to think of themselves as extortionists.” Many other moments in Arms and Influence register a fork in the road between conventional military interests (which, he reiterates, ordinarily have no interest in causing suffering) and nuclear strategy (centered in hurt and suffering).

In own writings and often quoted by others, Schelling makes the idea of “hurt” central to his definition of nuclear power. As he is quoted in a 2016 article from West Point’s Modern War Institute: “The power to hurt is bargaining power. . . . To exploit it is diplomacy, vicious diplomacy, but diplomacy.” Admirers of these statements often see it as an extension of Clausewitz’s famous dictum, “War is the continuation of politics by other means.” But Schelling’s statement is much more radical, anarchic, and amoral than is Clausewitz’s recognition that conflicts and the settling of conflicts are shared by politics and war. In the social contract theory of Thomas Hobbes, negotiation, agreement, and conversation are the radical opposite of war, not phenomena that can be coupled with war. The whole point of the social contract, as he repeats over and over in Leviathan, “is getting us out of the miserable condition of war.” In three different works—Leviathan, On the Citizen, and De Corpore—Hobbes states that injury is to the social contract what logical absurdity is to discourse. Schelling understands this: he rightly points out that in classical military strategy, negotiation is the very opposite of acts carried out to inflict suffering. The hybrid of negotiation and suffering, he often repeats, comes only with nuclear deterrence.

Butler’s second objection—that deterrence requires a form of psychology incompatible with preventing war—specifies that one key psychological feature of deterrence is its overreliance on “western reason.” Others have made this particular critique. Schelling himself complains that game theory is often accused (wrongly, in his view) of being “hyper-rational” when in reality, he counters, it can be used as a way of dealing with “children and animals,” and is therefore an appropriate tool for “irrational” as well as “rational” situations. Schelling of course recognizes historical examples of leaders who are out of control (Khrushchev), who say things that he considers wildly imprudent and dangerous (Kennedy’s October 22, 1962 public threat to the Soviet Union, a potentially fatal lapse from an otherwise rational participant), or who are stark madmen (Hitler). He credits “irrationality” as itself a potential strategy, as in the “madman” theory where a person who appears deranged gets his way because the opponent sees his adversary may not have the option of pulling back. In his famous example of two cars speeding toward each other in a game of chicken, the driver who holds a detached steering wheel up in the air wins. Late in Arms and Influence, he lists other sources of irrationality that afflict both the United States and the Soviets: “budgetary inertia, interservice disputes, ideological touchstones, and the intellectual limitations of a political bureaucracy, as well as from plain bad information.”

But as Butler and many other observers complain, deterrence assumes that two countries locked in exchanging threats will maintain a rational frame. In many interviews, Schelling maintains that rationality will not break down. For instance, in an appearance on a 1986 public television program, he is asked if he can imagine any situation that might cause deterrence to break down. He says he cannot. The interviewer then presents him with a series of plausible breakdown scenarios, to which Schelling responds in turn: high-level government officials are “unwilling to do things that they genuinely think would be reckless”; escalation would be “an abdication of responsibility”; “foolish things” or actions “mistakenly perceived” by both sides would have to happen before nuclear war became inevitable. But high-tension moments of international conflict are precisely situations liable to contain recklessness, foolishness, misperception, and abdication of responsibility. Schelling insists that rationality will remain in place.

It should be noted that Schelling’s hypothetical response to Butler’s second objection also explains why he cannot answer Butler’s third, namely, “the consequences of failure are intolerable.” Many would say this observation alone provides a reason for immediate disarmament. But Schelling can’t address this possibility (other than as a set of “splendid sentences”) because he really cannot comprehend how deterrence could break down: it hasn’t broken down, he reports, in all the war games he’s been playing with high-level civilian and military officers; and after all, that would be foolish. At one point in the 1986 interview, he claims, citing his war gaming experience, that “escalation to nuclear war is extremely unlikely.” Then, after elaborating the nature of the gaming (and the high-level military and government people involved), he reiterates the claim while making it slightly less absolute: “Therefore I tend not to believe that every war escalates nuclear and becomes a holocaust.” When asked again if he believes a nuclear exchange will “inevitably escalate into the destruction of both sides,” he repeats that escalation is “doubtful.” Now the interviewer presses him on imagining a situation in Berlin that would lead to “nuclear escalation.” He says he can’t see how that could happen: it would have to be “fog of war,” or confusion, or one side incorrectly perceiving the other.

A genre of event others may think moves us closer to disaster, an increase in the possibility of accidental nuclear war, Schelling instead judges to be an event that moves as farther away from disaster. In The Strategy of Conflict, after acknowledging that the risk of accidental nuclear war increases during periods of international crises, Schelling asks, “But is not this mechanism itself a kind of deterrent threat?” It is, he explains, because the recognition that the moment is dangerous means everyone is more careful.

Butler’s second objection—a mismatch between the psychology of deterrence and handling of nuclear weapons—is based not only on an inappropriate reliance on a rational frame but a pretense of understanding what the opponent is thinking (while not actually making an effort to understand the opponent). The importance of listening to one’s enemy has throughout history been recognized, formalized in the Latin principle audi alteram partem—hear the other side. This at the very least means that during the deliberations about whether to issue a declaration of war, someone on the home side voices the point of view of the foreign adversary in order to test the legitimacy of the claims made against the putative “enemy” (in fact, the accuracy of the term “enemy” is what is often debated), as I’ve detailed in my 2014 book, Thermonuclear Monarchy. This description is true of the Congressional debates preceding the vote on the United States’ declaration of war prior to the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War of 1846, the 1898 Spanish-American War, and World War I. In the case of World War II, the deliberations on the declarations of war against Japan, Germany, and Italy were completed in a few hours after the United States had been attacked, yet prior to Pearl Harbor there had been two years of discussion about whether the United States should enter the war, during which the adversary’s perspective was sometimes voiced.

While ordinarily members of the home country (in the interest of heading off a needless or erroneous war) take it upon themselves to understand and articulate the opponent’s point of view, in unusual cases, a representative of the opposing nation may get to make the argument, and not just in quoted reports, but inside the deliberating assembly. In Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War, the Lacedaemonians, meeting in assembly to debate going to war against Athens, permitted an Athenian (a merchant, there on business) to address the assembly. In the age of nuclear deterrence, little room appears to be made for listening to a rival country’s suffering, its border fears, its aspirations, its sources of pride, its fear of shaming, its sense of necessity. “Hear the other side” has been reduced to hearing only the threats made by the other side, hearing information on the number and placement of their weapons, overhearing (through surveillance) their war games. It is empty of almost all psychological content other than winning and losing, even in a frame where everyone loses. Schelling repeatedly stresses the importance of “communication.” But it is communication restricted to moves and countermoves.

We have so far covered five features of General Butler’s denunciation of nuclear deterrence—objections one, two, three, six, and seven. We will now turn to the inadequate response Schelling provides to Butler’s fifth and eighth objections. We will then turn to an important place where their visions meet: Butler’s fourth objection. In pursuing it, we will come upon what Schelling himself identifies a desirable form of disarmament (the only form of disarmament he appears to countenance).

Butler’s fifth objection is that weapons production is out of control. The surfeit of nuclear arms is often something upon which both advocates of disarmament and advocates of deterrence agree. Today there are twelve thousand warheads worldwide (the number includes approximately 2,500 that are nominally “retired” but not dismantled and therefore readily available for use). Research by Rutgers University scientists shows that if even less than one percent of this arsenal is used, twenty million people will die on the first afternoon and a billion in the thirty days following an exchange of nuclear weapons. The total number of the world arsenal is, by all accounts, enough to destroy the surface of the earth many times over.

When Schelling first published Arms and Influence in 1966, the world stockpile was thrice as high as that of today; when Strategy and Conflict was reissued in 1980, it was approaching its peak of fifty-four thousand warheads. Nearly alone among either disarmament or deterrence advocates, Schelling was not concerned about these numbers. In Arms and Influence, he observes that deterrence theorists who feel confident that countries will not intentionally go to war often worry that a nuclear war may start by accident, and they believe that the chances of accident go up as the number of warheads goes up. Schelling argues the contrary. We need these high numbers of weapons, he writes, in order to

have forces secure enough and so adequate in number that they need not react with haste for fear of not being able to react at all, secure enough and so adequate in number that, when excited by alarm, we can be conservative and doubt the enemy’s intent to attack, and that the enemy has confidence in our ability to be calm, helping him keep calm himself.

Schelling gives a second reason. He argues that locks on weapons and restraining devices on procedures will be resisted and foregone if we have lower numbers of warheads, and have to fear that some of our weapons may turn out to be duds. We will be more reluctant to put brakes on any of them. He acknowledges that the argument on this point is not yet settled, but urges that his view—that high warhead numbers decrease the chance of accidental nuclear war—ought at least to be taken into account.

In his earlier book, Strategy and Arms Control, co-written with Morton Halperin, Schelling had already voiced the notion that large numbers of weapons could decrease rather than increase the odds of accidental nuclear war: “It would be pushing the argument to an extreme to suggest that the present arms race is safer than an arms-control environment would be.” In fact he goes on to argue that it may be virtuous—or at least wise—to renege on an arms agreement:

It is unwise to expect any government to adhere long to the spirit and letter of an agreement that it has come to perceive as no longer compatible with its security interests. It has to be acknowledged that the motives for open violation, even clandestine violation, may be of the most respectable or of the most reprehensible sort. And the very likelihood that the other main participants, or the opposing bloc of participants, may at any time abandon the agreement is itself a motive for continually analyzing the wisdom of going along. There may, on the analogy with war itself, be a phenomenon of “preventive” or “pre-emptive” violation or denunciation.

In The Strategy of Conflict, he argues similarly that larger number of missiles on both sides decrease the danger of a first strike by the adversary.

Butler not only worries about the proliferation of weapons inside any one country, but about the spread of weapons across countries—his eighth objection: if the key to peace and the avoidance of nuclear war is having nuclear weapons, then other countries will not only want, but should want, to acquire them. Here again Schelling is blind to the logic that framing nuclear deterrence as an agent of peace prompts other nations to acquire the weapons. In his 2008 preface to Arms and Influence, he expresses his hope that new members of the nuclear club will read and benefit from his account of strategic deterrence: “My expectation is that Indians and Pakistanis who think about these things will find the book quite pertinent; my hope is that North Koreans and Iranians who think about these things will find the book illuminating.” He hopes even terrorists will see they should use nuclear weapons to negotiate, and not detonate the weapons themselves. But neither in this book nor other books does he welcome the spread of weapons, and he recommends, among other things, the possibility that Russia and the United States work together to discourage newcomers from acquiring nuclear weapons. Crucially, he does not recognize that the buoyant account he gives of nuclear strategy (which provides a new country with a glowing account of the advantages of possession) is contradicted by his worry about other countries having them: “It seems very likely that the world would be more dangerous if a dozen or so countries developed nuclear capabilities.”

We now turn at last to Butler’s fourth objection, the only one with which Schelling appears to be in agreement, or at least partial agreement. Nuclear deterrence seeks to amass a second strike arsenal that will discourage (deter) the enemy from carrying out a first strike; but that defensive arsenal may be construed by the enemy as preparation for a first strike, thereby accelerating that opponent’s own advance toward a first strike. Deterrence, if this is true, continually threatens to bring about the very act it was designed to suppress.

This is one phenomenon Schelling agrees with throughout his writings. For example, in Strategy and Arms Control he writes:

It is sometimes argued that airborne alert for the bomber force is a ‘stabilizing’ measure; it provides assurance that we could retaliate after an attack. . . . At the same time, it has been argued that airborne alert is ‘provocative’ in getting a fraction of our bomber force in a state of alert that could be exploited for a quick effort to knock out Soviet bombers and missiles.”

In Arms and Influence, Schelling generalizes this feedback loop (no longer confining it to the airborne bomber force): from as early as 1958 forward, Americans, Soviets, and the wider arms control community have recognized “the possibility that, in a crisis, reciprocal suspicions might be amplified by a feedback process, each side’s preparation against surprise looking like preparations for attack.” In The Strategy of Conflict, Schelling dedicates an entire chapter to the feedback loop: “If surprise carries an advantage, it is worthwhile to avert it by striking first. Fear that the other may be about to strike in the mistaken belief that we are about to strike gives us a motive for striking, and so justifies the other’s motive.” Entitled “The Reciprocal Fear of Surprise Attack,” the chapter examines the conditions under which the nuclear feedback loop, already dangerous, remains steady or instead becomes continually self-amplifying. Schelling’s attention to the feedback loop warrants yet another chapter in Strategy and Conflict: “We live in an era in which a potent incentive on either side—perhaps the main incentive—to initiate total war with a surprise attack is the fear of being a poor second for not going first.”

Quite apart from this feedback loop, in which the key move in nuclear deterrence incites the onset of nuclear war it was supposed to prevent, Schelling over and over acknowledges that participants will perceive “first strike” as the winning move, as here in Arms and Influence:

Military technology that puts a premium on haste in a crisis puts a premium on war itself. A vulnerable military force is one that cannot wait, especially if it faces an enemy force that is vulnerable if the enemy waits.

If the weapons can act instantaneously by the flip of a switch, a “go” signal, and can arrive virtually without warning to do decisive damage, the outcome of the crisis depends simply on who first finds the suspense unbearable. If the leaders on either side think the leaders on the other are about to find it unbearable, their motive to throw the switch is intensified.

In The Strategy of Conflict, Schelling quotes others as saying first strike is an advantage and abstaining from first strike a disadvantage. He cites General Leslie R. Groves, for instance, who argued that “our reluctance to strike first is a military disadvantage to us; but it is also, paradoxically, a factor in preventing a world conflict today.” And Schelling in his own voice repeatedly acknowledges the strategic advantage of first strike:

We do not . . . assess American and Soviet strategic forces by counting up the bombers, missiles, submarines, and aircraft carriers on both sides, as though we wanted to see who could put on the most impressive peace-time parade. ‘Who is ahead?’ in the arms race will usually be: whoever strikes first.

He credits the idea that if first strike capability were eliminated on all sides, this would amount to a form of disarmament.

Schelling’s openness to even the word “disarmament” here is potentially fertile ground for anyone trying to understand how the denunciation of deterrence and the celebration of deterrence have any hope for locating common ground. Schelling, after all, is usually dismissive of disarmament. He speaks in Arms and Influence of disarmament talks as distracting and unhelpful, in his comments like “the noise emanating from Geneva” or his reference to “Pugwash Conference and other minor efforts.”

One chapter contemplates disarming all countries and relying on an international force armed with nuclear weapons to maintain the peace: but at its best, he argues, such a force would only carry out what the United States and NATO can already carry out, and at its worst it might become something so authoritarian it would require on the citizenry’s part a revolution.

The fact that Schelling acknowledges the dismantling of first strike as a form of disarmament is crucial. Peace activists—as well as former members of the Department of Defense, like William Perry—often argue the same: if every country adopts a No First Use policy, there ceases to be any way for a nuclear war to occur. China and India have long had No First Use policies, as has Russia during some periods. The United States has never embraced No First Use, despite the fact that at least two of its presidents—Obama and Biden—have at various times considered eliminating the country’s First Use policy, and despite repeated invitations from Russia and a current invitation from China in its July 2024 “No-first-use of Nuclear Weapons Initiative Working Paper” submitted to the United Nations, reaffirming its own pledge of No First Use and urging “the five nuclear-weapon States to negotiate and conclude a treaty on ‘mutual no-first-use of nuclear weapons’” or issue a political statement in this regard.

Schelling’s specific proposal for disarmament based on elimination of first strike unfortunately seems to quickly become a magnified form of deterrence theory, rather than a major step toward the total disarmament the nuclear states promised in the Nonproliferation Treaty. Schelling believes that surprise attack can be ended by eliminating first strike weapons, or by eliminating first strike practices, or by eliminating first strike advantages. He proposes seeking to remove all weapons designed to take out the adversary’s military (in his view, these are first strike weapons), and keep only those weapons designed to massacre the populations of cities (in his view, second strike weapons); though he acknowledges that there is no bright line separating the two genres. He urges that both sides will need very high, not very low, numbers of these anti-population weapons; and drawing on the writing of deterrence colleague Bernard Brodie, he supposes that they should be high potency, “super-dirty bombs . . . as horrendous as possible.” Submarines play a large role in this vision.

Butler described deterrence as full of “logical contradictions,” and here is one more. After our long journey that began with the acknowledgment that deterrence sets up second strike to eliminate first strike, but finds that it fails because the second strike looks to the adversary like a first strike and therefore encourages the adversary to himself carry out a first strike, we now have a proposal that we can move to disarmament by, yes, setting up a disarmament protocol based on anti-population second strike weapons and eliminating first strike, forgetting altogether that these second strike weapons will look to the adversary like first strike, carrying us back to our original “orgy” (Schelling’s word) of destruction.

Nuclear deterrence strategists openly concede that they use threats of annihilation as “blackmail” for coercing the adversary’s compliance with our country’s demands. Perhaps the citizenry of our country has passively accepted nuclear deterrence by the same rhythms of blackmail. Just as Schelling argues that mounting nuclear arsenals make us safer (making us reluctant to argue that our arsenals be reduced), and just as he argues that international crises decrease the likelihood of nuclear war by putting us on high alert (making us tolerate our government’s forward path into crisis after crisis), so here at last Schelling tells us the elimination of first strike is only going to eliminate military targets and produce massive preparation for attacks on foreign cities (making us reluctant to demand what the most minimal moral impulse would require of us, the elimination of first strike). We are intimidated into accepting our country’s large arsenals, frequent participation in international crises, and a national policy of first use in the same way that the country’s adversaries are intimidated into acceding to U.S. demands.

However, Schelling’s even momentary equation of the elimination of first use with disarmament coincides with many voices urging its elimination. With seventy nations having ratified or acceded to the International Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, and with pending U.S. legislation and litigation-in-preparation on the unconstitutionality of presidential first use of nuclear weapons, the world is ready for the elimination of first strike, as well as taking weapons off alert (a practice confined to the United States and its British and French allies) and keeping missiles unmated to delivery systems (as has long been China’s practice) until further steps toward disarmament can be achieved.

Thomas Schelling’s Nobel prize–winning writings make perfectly clear the true and truly hideous character of the negotiations embedded in deterrence. They only confirm the eight flaws identified by General Lee Butler, the former head of our nuclear forces, in his denunciation of the theory and practice of deterrence.

Elaine Scarry is Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University. She is author of many books, including Thermonuclear Monarchy: Choosing Between Democracy and Doom.

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October 15, 2024
Armas nucleares, la pesadilla que nos persigue

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Armas nucleares, la pesadilla que nos persigue

1945 marca el momento en que la humanidad entró en la era nuclear con los bombardeos atómicos sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki (Japón) el 9 y 11 de agosto de ese año, que pusieron fin a la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

La Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, organización a la que tengo el honor de pertenecer, forma parte de la Campaña Internacional para la Abolición de las Armas Nucleares (ICAN), ganadora del Premio Nobel de la Paz 2017 y reconocida por las Naciones Unidas como Organización Mensajera de la Paz. Desde 1982, trabajamos por un mundo justo y pacífico libre de armas nucleares. Nuestro credo es que las armas nucleares amenazan todo lo que hemos conocido y amado. Amenazan la existencia misma de la civilización y de la humanidad.

«Las nubes de tormenta que se disiparon tras el final de la Guerra Fría se están reuniendo de nuevo. Hasta ahora, hemos tenido una suerte extraordinaria. Pero la suerte no es una estrategia. Tampoco es un escudo contra las tensiones geopolíticas que conducen a un conflicto nuclear. Hoy, la humanidad está a un malentendido, a un error de cálculo de la aniquilación nuclear». —Secretario General de la ONU, Antonio Guterres, 1 de agosto de 2022.

Desde el final de la llamada Guerra Fría, que en esencia duró casi medio siglo, desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1945 hasta el colapso de la Unión Soviética en 1991, parecía que la humanidad podría estar en el camino hacia una paz duradera. Sin embargo, con el recrudecimiento de las tensiones entre China, Rusia y Occidente, todo indica que nos encontramos en medio de una nueva Guerra Fría, con los enormes peligros que ello conlleva. Nuestro ya fallecido y gran amigo, el Dr. David Krieger, cofundador de la NAPF, lo expresó sin rodeos: «Sin una eliminación sistemática y controlada de la amenaza nuclear, el uso deliberado o accidental de armas nucleares es solo cuestión de tiempo».

Nos lo debemos a nosotros mismos, a nuestros hijos y a las generaciones futuras: hacer realidad este sueño.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container type=”flex” hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” min_height_medium=”” min_height_small=”” min_height=”” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” align_content=”stretch” flex_align_items=”flex-start” flex_justify_content=”flex-start” flex_wrap_medium=”” flex_wrap_small=”” flex_wrap=”wrap” flex_column_spacing=”” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” container_tag=”div” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” status=”published” publish_date=”” class=”.post-content h1,.post-content h2,.post-content h3,.post-content h4 { font-family: lato; }” id=”” margin_top_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top_medium=”” 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background_slider_animation_speed=”800″ background_slider_blend_mode=”” render_logics=”” sticky=”off” sticky_devices=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_offset=”” absolute=”off” absolute_top=”” absolute_right=”” absolute_bottom=”” absolute_left=”” filter_type=”regular” filter_hover_element=”self” filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″ filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ transform_type=”regular” transform_hover_element=”self” transform_scale_x_hover=”1″ transform_scale_y_hover=”1″ transform_translate_x_hover=”0″ transform_translate_y_hover=”0″ transform_rotate_hover=”0″ transform_skew_x_hover=”0″ transform_skew_y_hover=”0″ transform_scale_x=”1″ transform_scale_y=”1″ transform_translate_x=”0″ transform_translate_y=”0″ transform_rotate=”0″ transform_skew_x=”0″ transform_skew_y=”0″ transform_origin=”” transition_duration=”300″ transition_easing=”ease” transition_custom_easing=”” motion_effects=”W10=” scroll_motion_devices=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” last=”true” border_position=”all” first=”true”][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” content_alignment_medium=”” content_alignment_small=”” content_alignment=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” fusion_font_family_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_text_font=”” font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” 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Nuclear weapons, the nightmare that haunts us

The year 1945 marks the moment when humanity entered the nuclear age with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9 and 11 of that year, ending World War II.

The Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, an organization to which I am honored to belong, is part of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), winner of the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize and recognized by the United Nations as a Messenger of Peace Organization. Since 1982, we have worked for a just and peaceful world free of nuclear weapons. Our credo is that nuclear weapons threaten everything we have ever known and loved. They threaten the very existence of civilization and humanity.

“The storm clouds that dissipated after the end of the Cold War are gathering again. So far, we have been extraordinarily lucky. But luck is not a strategy. Nor is it a shield against geopolitical tensions leading to nuclear conflict. Today, humanity is just one misunderstanding, one miscalculation away from nuclear annihilation.” – UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, August 1, 2022

Since the end of the so-called Cold War, which essentially lasted for nearly half a century from the end of World War II in 1945 to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, it seemed that humanity might be on the road to lasting peace. However, with tensions flaring up between China, Russia, and the West, all indications are that we are in the midst of a new Cold War, with the enormous dangers that come with it. Our late friend, Dr. David Krieger, co-founder of NAPF, put it bluntly: “Without a systematic and controlled elimination of the nuclear threat, the deliberate or accidental use of nuclear weapons is only a matter of time.”

We owe it to ourselves, our children, and future generations to make this vision a reality.[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container]

August 29, 2024
President’s Letter – Nagasaki Hills

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filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Ivana_NAPF_Photo.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”5_6″ layout=”5_6″ align_self=”auto” content_layout=”column” align_content=”flex-start” valign_content=”flex-start” content_wrap=”wrap” spacing=”” center_content=”no” column_tag=”div” link=”” target=”_self” link_description=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”.post-content h1,.post-content h2,.post-content h3,.post-content h4 { font-family: lato; }” id=”” type_medium=”” type_small=”” flex_grow_medium=”” flex_grow_small=”” flex_grow=”” flex_shrink_medium=”” flex_shrink_small=”” flex_shrink=”” order_medium=”0″ order_small=”0″ spacing_left_medium=”” spacing_right_medium=”” spacing_left_small=”” spacing_right_small=”” spacing_left=”” spacing_right=”” margin_top_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” 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columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” content_alignment_medium=”” content_alignment_small=”” content_alignment=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”.post-content h1,.post-content h2,.post-content h3,.post-content h4 { font-family: lato; }” id=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” fusion_font_family_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_text_font=”” font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” text_transform=”” text_color=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” logics=””]August 22, 2024

Dear NAPF Community,

Each August, we remember the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the only time that human beings were evaporated by nuclear weapons, but not the only time that human beings suffered due to nuclear weapons. On August 6, the Hiroshima anniversary, we held our 30th Annual Sadako Peace Day, a beautiful event with music, poetry, and remarks that brought our Santa Barbara community together in remembering Sadako Sasaki and all innocent victims of war.

Just days before, I was in Nagasaki at the invitation of the Asahi Shimbun for the 30th Annual International Symposium for Peace, where I delivered the keynote address and had a deeply meaningful and moving experience visiting the city for the first time. Started in 1995, the 50th Anniversary of the atomic bombings and the same year that NAPF started Sadako Peace Day, the Symposium has been a forum for international voices alongside the hibakusha and Japanese experts to send the message of “Never Again” into the world. My keynote focused on the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons and highlighted the role that the United States and Japan should play in bringing about a world free of this ultimate threat. See the article “My Trip to Nagasaki” below for my account of the visit, photos, videos, and more!

Everything we do at NAPF each and every day is about ensuring that Hiroshima and Nagasaki never happen again. Given today’s enormous arsenals, which contain many more and much more powerful bombs, the stakes are far higher than a mere repeat of August 1945, however devastating that would be. As in past letters, I urge you to check out the resources below to learn about the various ways in which we educate and advocate for a world free of nuclear arms.

We are both proud of the work that we do and grateful to all who make it possible.

With love and peace,
Ivana[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][/fusion_builder_row][/fusion_builder_container][fusion_builder_container type=”flex” hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” min_height_medium=”” min_height_small=”” min_height=”” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” align_content=”center” flex_align_items=”flex-start” flex_justify_content=”flex-start” flex_wrap_medium=”” flex_wrap_small=”” flex_wrap=”wrap” flex_column_spacing=”” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” container_tag=”div” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” status=”published” publish_date=”” class=”.post-content h1,.post-content h2,.post-content h3,.post-content h4 { font-family: lato; }” id=”” margin_top_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top_medium=”” padding_right_medium=”” padding_bottom_medium=”” padding_left_medium=”” padding_top_small=”” 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Events

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30th Annual Sadako Peace Day

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Our 30th Annual Sadako Peace Day, held in the serene Sadako Peace Garden at La Casa de Maria on August 6, 2024, was a deeply moving event for our community. Attendees experienced an evening of reflection, music, and poetry, honoring Sadako Sasaki and all innocent victims of war. Special thanks go to our performers and speakers for their beautiful contributions. Watch the program and view the photos HERE.

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My Trip to Nagasaki

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Ivana recently visited Nagasaki to deliver a keynote address at the 30th International Symposium for Peace: The Road to Nuclear Weapons Abolition. The symposium, co-organized by the Asahi Shimbun, brought together renowned experts and hibakusha, highlighting the crucial work needed to ensure that nuclear weapons are never used again. During her trip, Ivana explored the city’s hills, the Peace Park, and the Atomic Bomb Museum, reflecting deeply on the impact of the bomb and the ongoing efforts for nuclear disarmament. For more about Ivana’s trip, including photos and videos, see HERE.

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Upcoming Events

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Women Waging Peace Luncheon

[/fusion_text][fusion_imageframe image_id=”26382|medium” aspect_ratio=”” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/women-waging-peace-luncheon-2024″ linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”center” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”” caption_text=”” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Women-Waging-Peace-2024-2560-x-1720-px-2-935×628.png[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” content_alignment_medium=”” content_alignment_small=”” content_alignment=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” margin_top=”5″ margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” fusion_font_family_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_text_font=”” font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” text_transform=”” text_color=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” logics=””]

Join us at the Canary for our Women Waging Peace Luncheon on September 26! For tickets and sponsorships, see HERE.

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“Talking About the Fire”

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Join us for Chris Thorpe’s play “Talking About the Fire” on September 27! For free tickets and art sponsorships, see HERE.

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Resources

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Article in Responsible Statecraft

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Ivana Hughes and Peter Kuznick co-authored an article on the nuclear dimensions of the Ukraine War. Read HERE.

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Interview on Camp Gagnon Podcast

[/fusion_text][fusion_imageframe image_id=”26921|medium” aspect_ratio=”” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-Cu9GVjxU0″ linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”center” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”” caption_text=”” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Dr.-Hughes-on-Camp-Gargon-935×628.png[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” content_alignment_medium=”” content_alignment_small=”” content_alignment=”left” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” margin_top=”5″ margin_right=”5″ margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”5″ fusion_font_family_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_text_font=”” font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” text_transform=”” text_color=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” logics=””]

Check out the wide-ranging conversation on the Camp Gagnon podcast — 46k views and counting! Watch HERE.

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Article in Common Dreams

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Read the NAPF NGO statement at the 2024 NPT Preparatory Committee, as published by Common Dreams. See HERE.

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Team NAPF in Geneva

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Learn about NAPF’s UN July activities in Geneva! See HERE for our statements, side events, photos, and more.

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Check out the articles our summer interns authored on a number of aspects of nuclear disarmament! Explore HERE.

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background_custom_size_medium=”” background_custom_size_small=”” background_blend_mode_medium=”” background_blend_mode_small=”” background_blend_mode=”none” render_logics=”” sticky=”off” sticky_devices=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_offset=”” absolute=”off” absolute_props=”” filter_type=”regular” filter_hover_element=”self” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″ transform_type=”regular” transform_hover_element=”self” transform_scale_x=”1″ transform_scale_y=”1″ transform_translate_x=”0″ transform_translate_y=”0″ transform_rotate=”0″ transform_skew_x=”0″ transform_skew_y=”0″ transform_scale_x_hover=”1″ transform_scale_y_hover=”1″ transform_translate_x_hover=”0″ transform_translate_y_hover=”0″ transform_rotate_hover=”0″ transform_skew_x_hover=”0″ transform_skew_y_hover=”0″ transform_origin=”” transition_duration=”300″ transition_easing=”ease” transition_custom_easing=”” motion_effects=”” scroll_motion_devices=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” last=”false” border_position=”all” first=”false” spacing_right=””][fusion_imageframe image_id=”24495|full” aspect_ratio=”” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”https://twitter.com/napf” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”none” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”” caption_text=”” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2.png[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” 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Twitter (X)

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dimension_box_shadow=”” box_shadow_blur=”0″ box_shadow_spread=”0″ box_shadow_color=”” box_shadow_style=”” z_index_hover=”” z_index=”” overflow=”” background_type=”single” gradient_start_color=”” gradient_end_color=”” gradient_start_position=”0″ gradient_end_position=”100″ gradient_type=”linear” radial_direction=”center center” linear_angle=”180″ background_color_medium=”” background_color_small=”” background_color_medium_hover=”” background_color_small_hover=”” background_color_hover=”” background_color=”” background_image_medium=”” background_image_small=”” background_image=”” background_image_id_medium=”” background_image_id_small=”” background_image_id=”” lazy_load=”none” skip_lazy_load=”” background_position_medium=”” background_position_small=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat_medium=”” background_repeat_small=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” background_size_medium=”” background_size_small=”” background_size=”” background_custom_size=”” background_custom_size_medium=”” background_custom_size_small=”” background_blend_mode_medium=”” background_blend_mode_small=”” background_blend_mode=”none” render_logics=”” sticky=”off” sticky_devices=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_offset=”” absolute=”off” absolute_props=”” filter_type=”regular” filter_hover_element=”self” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″ transform_type=”regular” transform_hover_element=”self” transform_scale_x=”1″ transform_scale_y=”1″ transform_translate_x=”0″ transform_translate_y=”0″ transform_rotate=”0″ transform_skew_x=”0″ transform_skew_y=”0″ transform_scale_x_hover=”1″ transform_scale_y_hover=”1″ transform_translate_x_hover=”0″ transform_translate_y_hover=”0″ transform_rotate_hover=”0″ transform_skew_x_hover=”0″ transform_skew_y_hover=”0″ transform_origin=”” transition_duration=”300″ transition_easing=”ease” transition_custom_easing=”” motion_effects=”” scroll_motion_devices=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” last=”false” border_position=”all” first=”false” spacing_right=””][fusion_imageframe image_id=”24889|full” aspect_ratio=”” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”https://www.youtube.com/@NuclearAgePeace/videos” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”none” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”” caption_text=”” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/1707415172008-Untitleddesign1.png[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” 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YouTube

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”1_5″ layout=”1_4″ align_self=”auto” content_layout=”column” align_content=”flex-start” valign_content=”flex-start” content_wrap=”wrap” spacing=”” center_content=”no” column_tag=”div” link=”” target=”_self” link_description=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” type_medium=”” type_small=”” flex_grow_medium=”” flex_grow_small=”” flex_grow=”” flex_shrink_medium=”” flex_shrink_small=”” flex_shrink=”” order_medium=”0″ order_small=”0″ dimension_spacing_medium=”” dimension_spacing_small=”” dimension_spacing=”” dimension_margin_medium=”” dimension_margin_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_medium=”” padding_small=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” hover_type=”none” border_sizes=”” border_color_hover=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_radius=”” box_shadow=”no” dimension_box_shadow=”” box_shadow_blur=”0″ box_shadow_spread=”0″ box_shadow_color=”” box_shadow_style=”” z_index_hover=”” z_index=”” overflow=”” background_type=”single” gradient_start_color=”” gradient_end_color=”” gradient_start_position=”0″ gradient_end_position=”100″ gradient_type=”linear” radial_direction=”center center” linear_angle=”180″ background_color_medium=”” background_color_small=”” background_color_medium_hover=”” background_color_small_hover=”” background_color_hover=”” background_color=”” background_image_medium=”” background_image_small=”” background_image=”” background_image_id_medium=”” background_image_id_small=”” background_image_id=”” lazy_load=”none” skip_lazy_load=”” background_position_medium=”” background_position_small=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat_medium=”” background_repeat_small=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” background_size_medium=”” background_size_small=”” background_size=”” background_custom_size=”” background_custom_size_medium=”” background_custom_size_small=”” background_blend_mode_medium=”” background_blend_mode_small=”” background_blend_mode=”none” render_logics=”” sticky=”off” sticky_devices=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_offset=”” absolute=”off” absolute_props=”” filter_type=”regular” filter_hover_element=”self” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″ transform_type=”regular” transform_hover_element=”self” transform_scale_x=”1″ transform_scale_y=”1″ transform_translate_x=”0″ transform_translate_y=”0″ transform_rotate=”0″ transform_skew_x=”0″ transform_skew_y=”0″ transform_scale_x_hover=”1″ transform_scale_y_hover=”1″ transform_translate_x_hover=”0″ transform_translate_y_hover=”0″ transform_rotate_hover=”0″ transform_skew_x_hover=”0″ transform_skew_y_hover=”0″ transform_origin=”” transition_duration=”300″ transition_easing=”ease” transition_custom_easing=”” motion_effects=”” scroll_motion_devices=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” last=”false” border_position=”all” first=”false” spacing_right=””][fusion_imageframe image_id=”24496|full” aspect_ratio=”” custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”https://www.facebook.com/wagingpeace/” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”none” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”” caption_text=”” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/3.png[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” 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Facebook

[/fusion_text][/fusion_builder_column][fusion_builder_column type=”1_5″ layout=”1_4″ align_self=”auto” content_layout=”column” align_content=”flex-start” valign_content=”flex-start” content_wrap=”wrap” spacing=”” center_content=”no” column_tag=”div” link=”” target=”_self” link_description=”” min_height=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” type_medium=”” type_small=”” flex_grow_medium=”” flex_grow_small=”” flex_grow=”” flex_shrink_medium=”” flex_shrink_small=”” flex_shrink=”” order_medium=”0″ order_small=”0″ dimension_spacing_medium=”” dimension_spacing_small=”” dimension_spacing=”” dimension_margin_medium=”” dimension_margin_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_medium=”” padding_small=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” hover_type=”none” border_sizes=”” border_color_hover=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” border_radius=”” box_shadow=”no” dimension_box_shadow=”” box_shadow_blur=”0″ box_shadow_spread=”0″ box_shadow_color=”” box_shadow_style=”” z_index_hover=”” z_index=”” overflow=”” background_type=”single” gradient_start_color=”” gradient_end_color=”” gradient_start_position=”0″ gradient_end_position=”100″ gradient_type=”linear” radial_direction=”center center” linear_angle=”180″ background_color_medium=”” background_color_small=”” background_color_medium_hover=”” background_color_small_hover=”” background_color_hover=”” background_color=”” background_image_medium=”” background_image_small=”” background_image=”” background_image_id_medium=”” background_image_id_small=”” background_image_id=”” lazy_load=”none” skip_lazy_load=”” background_position_medium=”” background_position_small=”” background_position=”left top” background_repeat_medium=”” background_repeat_small=”” background_repeat=”no-repeat” background_size_medium=”” background_size_small=”” background_size=”” background_custom_size=”” 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transform_translate_x_hover=”0″ transform_translate_y_hover=”0″ transform_rotate_hover=”0″ transform_skew_x_hover=”0″ transform_skew_y_hover=”0″ transform_origin=”” transition_duration=”300″ transition_easing=”ease” transition_custom_easing=”” motion_effects=”” scroll_motion_devices=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” last=”true” border_position=”all” first=”false”][fusion_imageframe image_id=”24497|full” aspect_ratio=”1-1″ custom_aspect_ratio=”100″ aspect_ratio_position=”” skip_lazy_load=”” lightbox=”no” gallery_id=”” lightbox_image=”” lightbox_image_id=”” alt=”” link=”https://www.instagram.com/napfofficial/?” linktarget=”_self” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” max_width=”” sticky_max_width=”” align_medium=”none” align_small=”none” align=”none” mask=”” custom_mask=”” mask_size=”” mask_custom_size=”” mask_position=”” mask_custom_position=”” mask_repeat=”” style_type=”” blur=”” stylecolor=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” hover_type=”none” magnify_full_img=”” magnify_duration=”120″ scroll_height=”100″ scroll_speed=”1″ margin_top_medium=”” margin_right_medium=”” margin_bottom_medium=”” margin_left_medium=”” margin_top_small=”” margin_right_small=”” margin_bottom_small=”” margin_left_small=”” margin_top=”” margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” bordersize=”” bordercolor=”” borderradius=”” z_index=”” caption_style=”off” caption_align_medium=”none” caption_align_small=”none” caption_align=”none” caption_title=”” caption_text=”” caption_title_tag=”2″ fusion_font_family_caption_title_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_title_font=”” caption_title_size=”” caption_title_line_height=”” caption_title_letter_spacing=”” caption_title_transform=”” caption_title_color=”” caption_background_color=”” fusion_font_family_caption_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_caption_text_font=”” caption_text_size=”” caption_text_line_height=”” caption_text_letter_spacing=”” caption_text_transform=”” caption_text_color=”” caption_border_color=”” caption_overlay_color=”” caption_margin_top=”” caption_margin_right=”” caption_margin_bottom=”” caption_margin_left=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″ filter_opacity=”100″ filter_blur=”0″ filter_hue_hover=”0″ filter_saturation_hover=”100″ filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/4.png[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” 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Instagram

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August 22, 2024
My Trip to Nagasaki

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The Hills of Nagasaki

I arrived in Nagasaki on July 25 late at night, having traveled for more than 24 hours from Geneva, where I had attended a few days of a Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty conference. Looking out of the window of my hotel room, I could see some lights and train tracks to my right, but being as tired as I was, I quickly shut the shades, and got ready for bed. When I awoke the next morning and opened the curtains, the view of the city, nestled among the sun-bathing hills, was stunning, with just a touch of the sea apparent beyond the port ahead. Two thoughts overwhelmed me: (1) That the buildings and all of the infrastructure I was looking at had been built since 1945; and (2) That these were the very hills that helped to prevent the Fat Man (code name for the Nagasaki bomb) from killing and harming as many or even more people than the Little Boy (code name for the Hiroshima bomb) did just three days earlier. Fat Man’s energy yield was higher than Little Boy’s: 21 vs. 15 kilotons.

My gracious hosts had cleared my schedule till noon, knowing that I’d had a long trip, so after a delicious and hearty breakfast, I decided to head outside and visit those hills. I walked along a main road, called Road 206, for a while, trying to take some selfies and wishing that I had a sunbrella (Word doesn’t think this is a word). Then, at once, as if called by the hills themselves, I took a sharp turn left and found myself almost immediately starting to walk uphill. I passed a small, charming park, with a garden and some playground equipment and then, climbing stairs replaced walking straight uphill. It soon became apparent that the hill I had chosen to walk up on, was a cemetery hill. For the next hour, I made it up 40 flights of stairs, according to my iPhone Health app, and wandered in and out of gated family monuments, elaborate final resting place structures that seemed to burst with love and respect for those whose remains were inside of them.

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Hotel view

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Selfie at the bottom of the hill

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A family monument in the cemetery

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Three highlights of my hill walk were the view from the highest point I was able to reach, all of the many winding paths, with stairs scattered all around that looked like they had been built before 1945 (suggesting that my cursory thought from the hotel window had been at least slightly wrong), and a visit to the Fukusai-ji temple. The entire temple had indeed been destroyed in the bombing, and rebuilt, alongside an aluminum alloy Bodhisattva statue named Kannon, standing at nearly 60 feet tall atop a spirit turtle. The small garden to the side had not just lotus flowers, but sunflowers too. I didn’t see a single person as I wandered in and out of this enchanted place.

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Family shrine

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A hilltop view

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Fukusai-ji Temple

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Sunflowers in the garden

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Outside the temple

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Cauldron statue

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Temple garden

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30^th International Symposium for Peace

I was in Nagasaki at the kindest of invitations by the Asahi Shimbun, one of five main Japanese newspapers, as co-organizers of the 30^th International Symposium for Peace, entitled: The Road to Nuclear Weapons Abolition. Started in 1995, the 50^th anniversary of the atomic bombings, the symposium has been taking place every year since, alternating locations between Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Over the decades, the symposium participants have been some of the foremost nuclear disarmament and peace thinkers and activists, including many of the survivors of the atomic bombings – the hibakusha. This year’s symposium was to take place on July 27 and include a morning and an afternoon panel. I was to deliver the keynote address in the morning session and then participate in a panel with Batyrkhan Kurmanseit, a diplomat from Kazakhstan, another country impacted by nuclear weapons, two distinguished Japanese academics, Prof. Mitsuru Kurosawa and Prof. Seiko Mimaki, and Mr. Terumi Tanaka, hibakusha, Secretary General of Nihon Hidankyo, and President of the Japanese Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons. The afternoon session was to include keynote remarks by Prof. SangJung Kang, the first person of Korean descent to become a Professor at the University of Tokyo (and currently President of Nagasaki Wesleyan University), and another panel featuring the hibakusha, Ms. Shizuko Mitamura, and two young nuclear abolition leaders, Sari Kamiyama and Mitsuhiro Hayashida.

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30th Annual International Symposium for Peace

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Peace Park Visit

Upon my return to the hotel from the hillside walk in the blistering sun and ample humidity, I had lunch with one of my hosts, Tsutomu Ishiai, Asahi Shimbun’s reporter based in Tokyo, who was to moderate the panel that I would participate in the very next day. Our conversation quickly turned into a fascinating discussion of global affairs, current politics in Japan, and Tsutomu’s most impressive career as a foreign correspondent around the world, including in my homeland of Yugoslavia, during its breakup and warring years. Afterwards, we met all of the symposium participants in the lobby of the hotel to travel together for a visit to the Nagasaki Peace Park. I had already experienced the kindness and grace of my hosts, and as I met each of my fellow symposium contributors, I encountered more warmth, smiles, and affection from every single person. A special joy emanated from the two hibakusha, Mr. Tanaka, who is 92-years old, and Ms. Mitamura, who is 83 years old. Mr. Tanaka is a long-time Secretary General of Nihon Hidankyo, the Japanese organization of atomic bomb survivors, and Ms. Mitamura, a hibakusha herself, has traveled the world using a special picture show to convey the imapact of the bombing on her life. Spending time with them over the coming day and a half, the sense I got each moment I glanced at or spoke with them, was that there was nowhere else they’d rather be and nothing else they’d rather do than spread their message of peace and nuclear abolition. This was deeply inspiring to me. If they can do this, then it is quite simply incumbent on all of us to do it too!

At the Peace Park, we first visited the Peace Statue. An impressive, enormous structure, the statue was designed and added to the Peace Park in 1955. As part of our group gathered for the photo, I was just so excited to be with everyone, that I blasted a big smile for the camera. The smile was soon to leave me for the remainder of the afternoon.

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Symposium participants in front of the Peace Statue

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Our young tour guide, a student from the Nagasaki University, explained that the statue cost a great deal of money at a time when people in the city were still suffering severely. Was the decision to build it the right one? This was one of the questions about Nagasaki that would come back to me again and again.

The Peace Park is rather large, and as we moved towards the Atomic Bomb Museum during the hottest part of the day, we passed several beautiful statues and a large water fountain. The day of the bombing was not just hot, but the heat from the blast and the fires that continued well into the night, helped make anyone whose body had not yet given up incredibly thirsty. The park and the museum have several water displays meant to symbolize the water that the victims yearned for so very much.

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Statue in the Peace Park

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With the Peace Park tour guide

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Water fountain in the Peace Park

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Statue in the Peace Park

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Statue in the Peace Park

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Peace Lantern gift from Oregon City

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The next stop on our journey was the location of the hypocenter, marked by a monument. Some 500 meters above this point in the park, the bomb was exploded over Nagasaki. Our hosts had prepared a wreath for us to lay in front of the sculpture, and I was to carry the wreath alongside Mr. Tanaka and Ms. Mitamura, and place it on the stand. We were accompanied by Prof. Sangjung Kang and Mr. Batyrkhan Kurmanseit. As the five of us walked solemnly, I became overwhelmed by feelings of sorrow and longing. How could this have happened? And how can we make sure that it never happens again? As I placed the wreath on the stand, I felt deeply humbled as an American to be in Nagasaki, to be in the company of the hibakusha, and to be the one pretending that I had something to say to them about nuclear weapons. Shouldn’t I have simply been there to listen and learn?

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See HERE.

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filter_brightness_hover=”100″ filter_contrast_hover=”100″ filter_invert_hover=”0″ filter_sepia_hover=”0″ filter_opacity_hover=”100″ filter_blur_hover=”0″]https://wagingpeace.davidmolinaojeda.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Nagasaki_Wreath_4_2024-scaled-e1724170952855.jpg[/fusion_imageframe][fusion_text columns=”” column_min_width=”” column_spacing=”” rule_style=”” rule_size=”” rule_color=”” hue=”” saturation=”” lightness=”” alpha=”” content_alignment_medium=”” content_alignment_small=”” content_alignment=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” sticky_display=”normal,sticky” class=”” id=”” margin_top=”10″ margin_right=”” margin_bottom=”” margin_left=”” fusion_font_family_text_font=”” fusion_font_variant_text_font=”” font_size=”” line_height=”” letter_spacing=”” text_transform=”” text_color=”” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_color=”” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_delay=”0″ animation_offset=”” logics=””]

Laying the wreath (photo by Tsutomu Ishiai)

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Laying the wreath (photo by Akira Nakano)

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Wreath delegation (photo by Tsutomu Ishiai)

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At the hypocenter with Tsutomu Ishiai

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At the hypocenter with Mr. Tanaka (photo by Tsutomu Ishiai)

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At the hypocenter with Mr. Kurmanseit (photo by Tsutomu Ishiai)

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Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum

We soon made our way into the Atomic Bomb Museum, a welcome reprieve from the heat and the humidity. I kept thinking it was appropriate that I was visiting in the summer and could experience the city in the kind of weather that Nagasaki had on that fateful day. In the museum, we got to spend a bit of time in a meeting room filled with gifts from different countries, sister cities, and political and disarmament leaders from around the world.

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Gift to the City of Nagasaki from the Soviet Union

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Gifts to the City of Nagasaki

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Gift to the City of Nagasaki

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We next received a tour from the Director of the Atomic Bomb Museum, Mr. Takuji Inoue. The exhibition halls were most impressive in the way in which they memorialized the bombing and its aftermath. The first exhibition hall we visited starts with life in the years before the bomb: photos of schoolchildren, people on the streets going about their day. And then, there it is. The clock marking August 9, 1945, 11:02 a.m., when the bomb exploded. We were next in a dark room that signifies the darkness that surrounded the city in the hours after the bombing. Countless photos revealed death and destruction, each in more than a thousand words. There was also the reconstructed portion of the Urakami Cathedral, a Catholic Church that stood near the hypocenter. Parts of the cathedral made it through the bombing despite the damage to everything else nearby. As we got to the display of the three dimensional map of the city with a simulation of the bomb explosion, the hills were once again on my mind.

But the museum does not just display the pain, suffering, and devastation of the bombing. It also has a section on the global hibakusha, as well as one on the nuclear disarmament movement. I hope that soon, they will add a panel on the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. And that by 2045, the 100th anniversary of the bombings, the end of World War II, and the founding of the United Nations, the museum will be able to add a section on the total elimination of nuclear weapons.

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Nagasaki before the bombing

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The clock

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Nagasaki before the bombing

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Reconstructed Urakami Cathedral

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Nagasaki after the bombing with visible remains of Urakami Cathedral

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Painting of the Urakami Cathedral

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Crane, the symbol of peace

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Three-dimensional map of Nagasaki showing the location of the hypocenter

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Looking at the bombing simulation (photo by Akira Nakano)

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Preserved rubble

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Devastating impacts of the bombing

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Global hibakusha exhibit (photo by Tsutomu Ishiai)

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Saturday, July 27

At my breakfast the next morning, I sat on the other side of the hotel building and got a fresh view of the Nagasaki hills. Sadly, I went to breakfast with a Japanese newspaper in hand (a treat for me, as I read the news online) and left my phone in the room on purpose. So I don’t have additional photos to share. But the view north was possibly even more stunning than the view south. This time, I was looking at the place above which the bomb had exploded. I was looking at the part of the city that had evaporated and been turned into a mushroom cloud, nearly 79 years earlier.

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The Symposium

Back at the Atomic Bomb Museum, where we had returned for the symposium, my overwhelming feeling of humility returned in full. I knew that I could not do justice to the occasion, but I also knew I had to try. You can watch my remarks (starting at ~38 minutes) in the video of the morning session, including the panel discussion with Mr. Kurmanseit, Mr. Tanaka, and Profs. Kurosawa and Mimaki, moderated by Mr. Ishiai. You can also watch the afternoon session, including keynote remarks by Prof. Kang, the wonderful picture story show by Ms. Mitamura, as well as the panel discussion with her and Ms. Kamiyama and Mr. Hayashida. I was deeply touched and inspired by Prof. Kang’s remarks about the need for peace on the Korean Peninsula, Ms. Mitamura’s pictorial depictions of her memories of the bombing and the impact it’s had on her life, as well as the rich discussions in both panels. There was a sobering sense in having to address the enormous challenges that we face as humanity, but also a hopeful message from Nagasaki, the city that understands the true meaning of suffering.

Never again is the message of Nagasaki and its people. And the only way that we can make sure that Nagasaki is the last city to experience the direct use of a nuclear weapon is to abolish nuclear weapons.

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Video of the morning session

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Video of the afternoon session

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See HERE.

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Symposium participants

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Speaking during the panel (photo by Akira Nakano)

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With Sari Kamiyama and Seiko Mimaki

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Food and People

I would be remiss if I did not say just how much I enjoyed the food while I was in Japan. Even the food on my Japanese airline – I had chosen the Japanese version of each meal – was a culinary experience. Everything from the presentation to the flavor was so exquisite that I kept wondering who was spending so much time preparing such marvelous meals. Thankfully, Tsutomu Ishiai told me that Japanese people don’t eat like that at every meal! And just like with Tsutomu, sharing my first meal with a Japanese person in Nagasaki, each subsequent group meal was also an intellectual delight, as I learned more from the symposium participants and Asahi Shimbun journalists and editors about Japan and its culture and the fascinating lives of my correspondents. Even on the morning I left Japan, I got to speak at the Nagasaki airport with one of the Asahi Shimbun editors. Our conversation turned to the breakup of Yugoslavia and I shared a soccer related story, about my son Micha, who at age 9, came up on his own with the “Yugoslavia team,” consisting of players from the now independent states that used to make up Yugoslavia. He then asked me about Dragan Stojković Piksi, the current Serbian national team manager, who spent nearly two decades in Japan as both a player and a manager. It turns out that Piksi is from my hometown Niš, where he started his career, and that I grew up with him as a household name. The conversation was a lovely way of remembering one of the many ways (athletics!) that bring us together across continents and cultures. We need more of that and far less division and conflict!

In every sense of the word, the absolute main highlight of my time in Nagasaki, was meeting all of the people that I was so fortunate to spend time with. My main host, Mr. Akira Nakano, who is an Asahi Shimbun journalist from Osaka, thought of every detail imaginable and communicated with me most kindly from the very first email when he invited me to speak at the symposium to our email exchanges after I had already returned to New York. He greeted me at the Nagasaki airport when I first arrived and insisted on accompanying me the morning that I left, even though I tried to convince him that I could handle the Nagasaki airport all by myself. On both car rides, we spoke about a range of topics, and it seemed that a smile did not leave his face once. His kindness is forever etched in my mind and my heart.

I hope to return to Nagasaki and Japan soon. I would also like to visit Hiroshima next time. This first visit was like falling in love for the first time and I expect to be in love with Japan for many years to come.

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With hibakusha, Ms. Shizuko Mitamura

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One of many delicious dishes I ate in Nagasaki

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Outside of the Nagasaki restaurant

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P.S.

I must also share that I loved Japanese toilets! I did not take any pictures of them (!!!), so you’ll have to trust me when I say that they really are amazing. When I returned home and started sharing stories with my family, my 13-year old son Nemanja told me that “Japan lives in the future!” He is right. And I can’t wait to go back to the future.

P.P.S.

One of the gifts I received from Mr. Nakano during my visit was the book The Postman from Nagasaki, by Peter Townsend; I promptly read the book on the 12-hour plane ride from Tokyo to New York. Part history of Japan and Nagasaki, and part biography of Sumiteru Taniguchi, who was 16-years of when the bomb exploded over his hometown, the book is essential to understanding that the atomic bombings were a crime against humanity and that they never should have happened. Sumiteru Taniguchi spent nearly four years in the hospital after being found by his grandfather just over a mile away from the hypocenter and spent the rest of his life dealing with numerous medical issues. He was fortunate to meet a wonderful and loving woman who married him despite the physical and mental marks that the bombing left on his mind and body. They were in turn fortunate to have two healthy children. But the experience of the bombing never left Mr. Taniguchi, not the least because his body carried many scars. He devoted himself to organizing the hibakusha and working for nuclear abolition, all the way to his death in 2017. If Mr. Taniguchi, and Mr. Tanaka, and Ms. Mitamura, and so many other hibakusha can do this, the rest of us have no excuse but to carry their mantle forward, all the way to a world free of nuclear weapons.

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Asahi Shimbun articles about the Symposium

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August 20, 2024
Art’s Critical Role in the Fight for Nuclear Disarmament

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In the weeks following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, both trained and untrained artists began creating pieces that reflected their fascination with the newest scientific discovery of atomic energy as well as the dangers that nuclear technology poses. In 1948, in Livorno, Italy, artist Voltolino Fontani co-founded the Eaismo movement alongside poet Guido Favati and artists Marcello Landi, Angelo Sirio Pellegrini, and Aldo Neri.

The Manifesto Dell’Eaismo highlighted their mission to forge an art movement that could respond to the current age: “Eaismo wants to bring art back to redraw its supreme values…It therefore aims to free artistic expression from the cerebralisms in which it has been entangled in the last fifty years and to bring it back to …the problems that urgently affect us as men rather than as stylists.” One of Fontani’s most notable paintings from this time, Grafo Dinamica, represents his belief that this atomic era demanded a reconsideration of classical art techniques. Although Grafo Dinamica does not explicitly depict nuclear warfare, the background resembles a map, one that has been painted over by dark purple shapes that can be viewed as resembling radiation wavelengths as a result of nuclear fallout. Grafo Dinamica asks its viewers to consider an artistic approach that addresses nuclear warfare without literal representation.

Voltolino Fontani, Grafo Dinamica (1948)

As Eaismo faded towards the end of the 1950s, a new Nuclear Art movement had already begun to take shape. Enrico Baj, an Italian artist based in Milan, co-founded the Movimento D’arte Nucleare with artists Sergio D’angelo and Gianni Dova in 1951. At the time, Milan was an international art hub, which paved the way for D’arte Nucleare’s place in the mainstream. The primary difference between Eaismo and the Movimento D’arte Nucleare was the extent to which Fontani and Baj focused on terror and fascination. The Movimento D’arte Nucleare highlighted the risk of apocalypse, attempting to reflect the fear of a potential nuclear war as technology quickly developed. The movement included pieces that were much more explicit in their message than Fontani. Baj painted the Manifesto Bum in 1952, which features a black and gray mushroom cloud head shape set behind a washed-out yellow background. Baj also included atomic formulas in the negative space. In the cloud, Baj writes, “People’s heads are charged with explosives. Every atom is about to explode. The blind, which is to say the non-nuclears, ignore the situation.” By inscribing these words in the head-cloud shape, Baj inextricably connects humans with nuclear weapons as well as the destruction they cause. He argues it is our responsibility to manage our own creations.

Manifesto Bum, Enrico Baj (1952)

Another one of his most famous paintings, Two Children in the Nuclear Night (1956), shows two distorted child-like figures set against a yellow-orange background splattered with black paint. Baj hopes to induce horror in his viewers and confront them with a night sky no longer lit by the moon or the stars but by explosions.

Enrico Baj, Two Children in the Nuclear Night (1956)

In 1953, Gianni Dova, co-founder of the Movimento D’arte Nucleare created Explosion. Dova utilizes abstraction as well as an unlikely combination of bright colors to create an indiscernible image. Explosion depicts the unfathomable: the moment in which our world might be destroyed as a result of nuclear warfare. Nonetheless, Dova manages to capture the chaos that we would be forced to confront. The background is split into two colors – black at the top and a mild blue at the bottom, representing the galaxy and the earth, respectively. Yet Dova’s colors know no boundaries. A nuclear explosion would break the boundaries of the world we know.

Gianni Dova, Explosion, (1953)

Both Fontani and Baj were responsible for establishing a culture of nuclear disarmament that still remains today, not only in Italy but all around the world. Nuclear art has also been transformed since the years of Fontani and Baj. Contemporary artists have made use of modern technology to create electronic art and animation to advocate their anti-nuclear weapon messages.

In an effort to engage youth in nuclear disarmament efforts, it is critical to understand the value of art as a form of both communication and advocacy. Art is a means to cope with the reality of our world: nuclear weapons exist and are here to stay unless we act. To manage this reality means to create a world in which we can understand and live in. In the Manifesto Dell’ Eaismo, Fontani explains the way Eaismo provides us with a lens through which to view the atomic age: “Eaismo will express the tragedy of the 20th century inspired by…the meaning of man as he is immersed in living in it, nourished in it… and translate the broken balance of the man-world equation into works. And this will happen necessarily: not only because art… has always, in every time, expressed the sense of the age in which it flourished.”

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August 19, 2024
NPT Side Event on Addressing the Legacy of Nuclear Weapons

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By Alei Rizvi and Christian Ciobanu

On Tuesday, July 30, Kiribati, Kazakhstan, Austria, Marshall Islands, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, its youth initiative Reverse The Trend: Save Our People, Save Our Planet, and the Marshallese Educational Initiative convened an important side event on the legacy of nuclear weapons. This event examined the humanitarian provisions contained in the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons and its connections to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.

Speakers included: Zhangeldy Syrymbet, Counsellor at the Mission of Kazakhstan; Ambassador Doreen deBrum of the Marshall Islands; Benetick Kabua Maddison, Executive Director of the Marshallese Educational Initiative; Raphael Pangalangan, Human Rights Officer, Environment and Climate Change Unit Development, Economic and Social Rights Branch Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights; H.E. Ambassador Alexander Kmentt, Director of the Disarmament, Arms Control and Non-Proliferation Department of the Austrian Foreign Ministry; and Christian N. Ciobanu, Policy and Advocacy Director of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, RTT Project Coordinator, and TPNW Advisor for the Mission of Kiribati. Brock Walker, NAPF/RTT Nuclear Justice Campaign Manager, moderated the event.

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As part of his opening remarks, Brock Walker highlighted the significance of Kiribati and Kazakhstan’s joint resolution. He explained that an overwhelming majority of states voted in favor of the resolution. He also shared his anecdote about growing up near a test site.

Building upon Brock Walker’s remarks, Zhangeldy Syrymbet of Kazakhstan explained the need for the international community to support 2nd and 3rd generations of nuclear test victims. He explained that although nuclear testing occurred more than 30 years ago, generations are still experiencing the humanitarian and environmental impacts of nuclear weapons. He appealed to the international community to increase their attention to the humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons.

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Christian Ciobanu discusses the complementarity of Articles 6 and 7 of the TPNW.

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Left to Right: Brock Walker, Zhangeldy Syrymbet, Benetick Kabua Maddison, H.E. Ambassador Doreen deBrum, Raphael Pangalangan, Ambassador Alexander Kmentt

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Panelists discuss the importance of recognizing the impacts of nuclear testing and affected communities.

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Benetick Kabua Maddison of the Marshallese Educational Initiative described the anguish and painful experiences of the Marshallese people. He explained that on a Sunday afternoon, a few months before the nuclear test, Com. Ben Wyatt, the military governor of the Marshall Islands, traveled to Bikini. He met with the Marshallese and asked if they would be willing to leave the atoll so that the United States could begin testing atomic bombs for “the good of mankind and to end all wars.” The people met and voted to go to Rongerik Island, as advised by the Navy. Juda, the leader of the Bikinian people, announced that they would go “believing that everything is in the hands of God.” Benetick expressed concern about the lack of medical and psychological resources provided by the U.S in the aftermath of their tests.

Following Maddison’s remarks, H.E. Ambassador Doreen deBrum underscored the Marshall Islands’ concerns about the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. She called for a substantive discussion on Article 6 of the TPNW to clarify any misconceptions about the responsibilities of the affected states. She further emphasized that the user States must be held accountable for their actions.

Raphael Pangalangan supplemented this discussion by highlighting his work regarding the implementation of HRC Resolution 51/35 on the human rights implications of nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands which is to be presented at the 57th session of the Human Rights Council in September. He provided insight on the concept of transitional justice and how it is relevant for the intersection of human rights and nuclear disarmament at large.

Ambassador Kmentt continued the dialogue by recounting the relationship between the NPT, TPNW and Vienna Action Plan in respect to nuclear legacies. He underscored that although absent from NPT discourse prior to 2010, the 2010 Review Conference and the resulting action plan naturally culminated into the TPNW years later. He states that the TPNW was “instrumentally made possible by the testimonies of representatives of affected communities”.

Finally, Christian Ciobanu examined Articles 6 and 7 of the TPNW from his nuanced perspective as both a long-term nuclear justice activist with NAPF and advisor for Kiribati. He asserts that these Articles create a strong framework of shared responsibility in dealing with the humanitarian and environmental impacts of nuclear weapons, insisting that both Articles should be read together as a complimentary framework. He also noted the sentiment of Pacific states in recognition of the role they must play to add their voice to the global effort to strengthen the norm against nuclear weapons, quoting their declaration from the Pacific Conference on the TPNW: “we are small, but we can have a big impact”.

Before concluding the event, there was a substantial exchange of questions and comments between speakers and audience members.

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Panelists outside the event room

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Audience view of panel

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August 6, 2024
Podcast Alert! Dr. Ivana Hughes on Camp Gagnon

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Dr. Hughes interviewed with Mark Gagnon from the YouTube channel Camp Gargon about the threat nuclear weapons pose to our world. Please see below for full video.

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TIMESTAMPS:
00:00 Intro
1:12 How close are we to nuclear war?
5:09 We’re looking at the end of civilization
15:39 What would trigger nuclear launches? Target list
21:25 Nuclear deterrence logic isn’t infallible
24:45 We only have 72 minutes
32:54 Nuclear winter + Nagasaki/Hiroshima is child’s play compared to now
39:17 Immediate impact of nuclear war in the US + Marshall Islands
48:52 Where does the fallout go?
53:15 Who are the other nuclear powers? Dismantling weapons
57:57 De-nuclearization + No-First Use treaty
1:04:31 Hair-trigger v separation of heads from ICBMs
1:06:26 1980s – decade of denuclearization
1:13:36 Tremendous waste + continued testing Marshall Islands
1:15:33 Who survives? Coming out of the stone age again
1:21:43 MAD + rogue leader + North Korea’s ability
1:29:31 Modernizing nukes + we use nukes every day
1:33:34 North Korea + Iran arming + proliferation
1:37:55 Nuclear winter + how did other countries catch up?
1:44:58 The H-bomb + Where do you get Uranium?
1:53:30 Close call incidents + launch on warning
2:04:15 Cuban Missile Crisis + JFK’s march to peace signed his death warrant
2:18:36 Can we ever fully Denuclearize? What needs to happen?
2:37:02 Doomsday bunkers + celebrity influence
2:43:26 Women’s role in denuclearization + resources

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August 6, 2024
Youth Statement to the NPT Preparatory Committee
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On July 23, 2024, Bobby Verhey and Pranathi Chintalapudi delivered a statement on behalf of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and its youth initiative, Reverse the Trend, at the NGO session of the NPT Preparatory Committee to the 11^th Review Conference. See below for the full video, the article published by Common Dreams, and the full text of the statement.

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Honorable Chair and Distinguished Delegates,

We are ninety seconds to midnight. A handful of increasingly belligerent leaders threaten the total annihilation of our world. At the same time, our leaders tell us the fallacy of nuclear deterrence. We teeter on the edge of wiping out our history and our cultures. As youth, we are the ones who will inherit this world: A world afflicted with perpetual conflicts, climate crises, and nuclear threats. Therefore, we call upon our leaders to hear us and act. We must work together.

The NPT represents a grand bargain: the Non-Nuclear-Armed States agreed not to acquire nuclear weapons and, in exchange, the Nuclear-Armed States agreed to negotiate in “good faith” toward nuclear disarmament. Unfortunately, all nine Nuclear-Armed States are modernizing their arsenals. This failure of nuclear-armed states to adhere to Article VI obligations disregards our past and threatens our future.

Honorable Chair and Distinguished Delegates,

We are approaching 80 years since the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In Hiroshima, atomic bombs killed 140,000 people by the end of 1945, and another 70,000 people died in Nagasaki. The resulting cancers and radiation-related illnesses killed many more in the decades that followed.

As the last generation to hear the firsthand accounts of the Hibakusha, we must heed their warnings — their lived reality mobilizes us to work toward the abolition of nuclear weapons.

We cannot achieve a nuclear-weapon-free world without nuclear justice—not only for Hibakusha, but also for the Indigenous people of Australia, French-occupied Polynesia, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, the Southwest United States, and many other unconsenting communities devastated by nuclear testing. The ramifications of 20th century weapons use are still felt today. We demand restorative, procedural, and distributive action that centers environmental remediation and victims assistance for nuclear-affected communities, who have historically and disproportionately been Indigenous Peoples and other marginalized communities. Nuclear-armed states are directly accountable for the ongoing devastation of affected communities.

Coupled with disproportionate health effects on women, these tests perpetuate the legacies of colonialism and gender inequality. The ongoing consequences of nuclear testing are a dire warning of what our future could be.

A single modern nuclear weapon, which can be thousands of times more powerful than those dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, detonated over a major city would create an unparalleled humanitarian catastrophe, with hundreds of thousands immediately vaporized and many more left with complex injuries, crumbling infrastructure, and no access to medical care. A nuclear war using less than 3% of the world’s nuclear weapons could kill up to every 3rd person on earth.

Despite this looming Armageddon, all nine Nuclear-armed states are modernizing and increasing their arsenals, for a total sum of $91.8 billion US Dollars in 2023 alone. This wasteful spending, which would be better spent on clean energy solutions, healthcare, education, and more, is stealing from our generation.

Honorable Chair and Distinguished Delegates,

We face a dual threat of nuclear war and the climate crisis. When states use these weapons, including in tests, the surrounding environment is bathed in high levels of radiation–degrading land and water, poisoning communities’ traditional food sources, and destroying entire ecosystems. While remediation efforts are essential, these efforts do not negate the harm caused to the lives of these communities and their environments. The effects of testing emphasize the need for everyone to remember that we can not have one more nuclear explosion. Not now, not ever.

Let us be clear, as we make strides toward addressing climate change, leaving potential for nuclear war is a mistake that would undermine these efforts. We can only save the world if there is a world left to save.

Honorable Chair and Distinguished Delegates,

In light of the catastrophic humanitarian impacts of nuclear weapons and the recent heightened risk of nuclear war, we must act. We urge all NPT States Parties to take the following five actions:
1. Join the TPNW at the earliest date possible to fulfill your Article VI obligations and ensure global security, prevent humanitarian and environmental catastrophes, and promote international stability.
2. Actively support, protect, and participate in the Middle East WMD Free Zone annual conferences, recognizing that disarmament in the Middle East has already begun, in full alignment with the 1995 Resolution that indefinitely extended the NPT.
3. Center the voices of victims and survivors by committing to nuclear justice. This can be done by involving affected communities in all decision-making regarding environmental remediation and victims assistance, as well as supporting the International Trust Fund under the framework of the TPNW.
4. Acknowledge the interconnected threats of nuclear weapons and climate change, and pursue disarmament as an essential part of fighting the climate crisis.
5. Involve young people—especially women and other marginalized communities—in decision-making on nuclear disarmament to harness their perspectives, which are essential for a sustainable and equitable future. Thus, states must support youth campaigns like the UN ODA’s Not One Nuclear Explosion and include a 20% youth composition in Member States’ delegations and relevant working groups.
We assert our right to shape the future we inherit and to create a just and sustainable world, free from the threat of nuclear weapons. We implore you to take immediate action and work with us to safeguard our shared humanity and the future of our planet.

It is either the end of nuclear weapons, or the end of life as we know it. We demand that you stand with us, the inheritors of the world being created in this room today, and disarm.

Thank you.
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Speakers:

Bobby Verhey, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF)
Pranathi Chintalapudi, Reverse the Trend: Save Our People, Save Our Planet (RTT)

Endorsements (listed in alphabetical order):
Association Katawara
Bill Kidd MSP
Disarmament Doves
ICAN Australia
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War’s Medical Student Movement
Marshallese Educational Initiative
Nuclear Age Peace Foundation
Proposition One Committee
Reverse The Trend: Save Our People, Save Our Planet
Soka Gakkai International
Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, U.S. Section World BEYOND War
Yerdaulet Rakhmatulla
Youth for TPNW
Yuki Nakajima

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July 25, 2024
NPT Side Event on Youth Perspectives

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On July 23, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF) and its youth initiative, Reverse the Trend (RTT), hosted an evening side event at the Geneva Institute, “Youth Perspectives on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons.” Speakers at this event included H.E. Ambassador Akan Rakhmetullin, Chair of the NPT PrepCom; H.E. Ambassador Teburoro Tito of Kiribati; Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes, President of NAPF; Veronique Christory, Senior Advisor of ICRC; Benetick Kabua Maddison, Executive Director of MEI; Aigerim Seitenova, Project Manager, Centre for Feminist Foreign Policy (CFFP); Christian Ciobanu, NAPF Policy and Advocacy Director, RTT Project Coordinator, and TPNW Advisor to the Republic of Kiribati; Brock Walker, NAPF Research Fellow and Outreach Coordinator. The event was moderated by Stella Rose, youth advisor for Reverse the Trend, and Sara Ferrari, from the Human Rights, Conflict, & Peace Student Initiative at the Geneva Institute.

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Stella Rose opened the panel by speaking on her personal involvement with Reverse the Trend, the youth initiative of the NAPF. She emphasized the crucial role of young people in initiating change, as they are key stakeholders in a bright and sustainable future, unburdened by the risk of nuclear weapons and their devastating humanitarian consequences. Rose passionately urged the youth to continue to seek opportunities to effect change and take pride in participating in movements dedicated to nuclear abolition and nuclear justice.

Sara Ferrari also opened the event as a co-sponsor and representative of the Human Rights, Conflict, & Peace Student Initiative. She addressed the focus of the event, nuclear disarmament, emphasizing the importance of fostering dialogue and bridging generational gaps. Ferrari highlighted the potential of collaborative efforts between experts and youth to create a platform that educates and inspires action. She emphasized the pressing issue of nuclear weapons violating human rights and posing a significant threat to global peace. Like Rose, Ferrari stressed the necessity of youth voices and their responsibility as future leaders within this field, advocating for change through commitment to education and advocacy.

H.E. Ambassador Akan Rakhmetullin, Chair of the NPT PrepCom, opened the discussion with hopeful and inspiring remarks about the active youth at the conference. He emphasized the significance of activism, especially for today’s youth facing threats like climate change and nuclear war. Sharing a personal anecdote from his youth in Semipalatinsk, where Soviet nuclear tests were misleadingly presented as protective, Rakhmetullin highlighted Kazakhstan’s suffering from these tests. He concluded by expressing support for the TPNW and all who work to make this treaty a reality.

H.E. Ambassador Teburoro Tito of Kiribati recounted the devastation of nuclear testing on the Pacific islands, questioning if the world has learned from WWII as nations still use weapons to instill fear. He pledged to inspire his colleagues to work harder to make today’s youth proud.

Veronique Christory shared her background in nuclear disarmament, expressing gratitude for living her aspirations. She emphasized the vital role of youth engagement in addressing the complexities of nuclear disarmament and peace. Underscoring the importance of media, she notes the impact of the ICRC’s video on nuclear weapons, which has raised awareness and fear of their use. Christory called for an end to the normalization of nuclear weapons, stressing their existence as the biggest threat. Additionally, she pointed out the gender-specific impact of nuclear radiation on women and girls, resulting in disproportionate cancers and other health effects. Concluding her speech, Christory advocated for more female perspectives in discussions and urged youth involvement to strengthen the implementation of the TPNW, especially as influential activists and survivors of nuclear bombings age.

Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes, President of NAPF, discussed her background from being a student to being a professor of science and her current role at NAPF. She spoke on the crucial role scientists play in the nuclear abolition movement, emphasizing that the TPNW is the best and only hope for a world free of nuclear weapons. Hughes identified two key areas of scientific research vital for advancing the TPNW: developing verification methods to ensure countries honor their commitments to eliminate nuclear weapons and achieving collective nuclear justice for those affected by nuclear testing and use, through victim assistance and environmental remediation.

Benetick Kabua Maddison, raised awareness about the devastating biological and ecological consequences of nuclear testing on the Marshall Islands. He discussed the U.S. testing that led to the displacement and starvation of indigenous communities and how today, Marshallese voices are often excluded from crucial discussions. Maddison, whose grandparents died from diseases linked to radiation exposure, highlighted the personal and emotional toll of nuclear testing, ongoing contamination in the Pacific Ocean, and the climate crisis. He concluded that achieving a nuclear-free world is not just about treaties, but also acknowledging people’s stories.

Aigerim Seitenova, a third-generation survivor of Soviet nuclear testing in Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, dedicated her speech to her family. She shared the severe health impacts her family endured due to the testing, including the deaths of her grandparents and uncle, and a genetic condition that nearly ended her life at agre three. Seitenova emphasized the importance of nuclear frontline community resistance and our responsibility to create a peaceful world, free of nuclear weapons.

Brock Walker shared his perspective on nuclear justice as a native of Las Vegas, Nevada, located 60 miles south of the Nevada Test Site. He emphasized the severe health and humanitarian impacts on communities like the Western Shoshone, including increased sickness and cancer rates worsened by limited healthcare access. Walker highlighted the colonial legacy of nuclear testing and the US government’s refusal to address these health impacts, similar to other nuclear-armed nations. He discussed his role in launching the nuclear justice campaign, urging young people to prevent future nuclear testing, especially as nuclear powers threaten to resume testing and continue to deny their impact on indigenous communities.

Christian Ciobanu concluded the panel by discussing RTT’s recent nuclear justice campaign. He highlighted the active involvement of RTT interns with diplomats and NAPF President Dr. Hughes on this campaign. Ciobanu emphasized the lack of transparency regarding environmental contamination in affected communities and praised Kiribati’s efforts at the NPT PrepCom and the TPNW’s groundbreaking humanitarian provisions. He also mentioned current projects focused on sharing youth perspectives at the next TPNW meeting.

During the Q&A session, the audience engaged with all of the panelists, inquiring about educational initiatives and exploring ways in which non-nuclear weapon states can participate in disarmament efforts despite their support for nuclear weapons.

We are very grateful to all of our panelists and attendees for coming to our event to speak on such an important topic and share their personal experiences and stories.

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July 24, 2024
NPT Side Event on Nuclear Abolition

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The Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF) and its youth initiative, Reverse the Trend, held a side event on nuclear abolition at the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Preparatory Committee to the 11th NPT Review Conference, Second Session, on the conference’s opening day, July 22, 2024. Speakers at the side event included Ambassador Teburoro Tito, the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Kiribati to the UN; Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes, President of NAPF; Jean-Marie Collin, Director of ICAN France; and Madison Kim and Talia Wilcox, NAPF Interns. The event was moderated by Kenneth Chiu, NAPF’s Communications and Media Coordinator.

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Chiu opened the panel by invoking NAPF’s mission, since 1982, to educate and advocate for a just and peaceful world, one that is free of nuclear weapons. He reminded the audience that we live in a very different world than the one that NAPF’s founders were facing in 1982. While there is much to be concerned about with respect to the current securities environment, the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) also makes a world free of nuclear weapons much more realistic than it may have seemed in 1982.

Ambassador Tito spoke about his country’s commitment to the TPNW, including Republic of Kiribati’s partnership with the Republic of Kazakhstan as Co-Chairs of the Informal Working Group on the treaty’s Articles 6 and 7. As two of the States affected by the legacy of nuclear testing, Kiribati and Kazakhstan have been committed to the issue of nuclear justice and to bringing it more prominently into the NPT environment and the UN General Assembly through a resolution, tabled in 2023, to address this devastating legacy.

Dr. Nikolić Hughes discussed some of the reasons why a world free of nuclear weapons is not just desirable, but an existential matter. She spoke about the lessons from Japan, where the experience of hibakusha – the survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – suggests that radiation impacts us differently (work of Mary Olson showing that age at the time of radiation exposure and gender have a profound impact on the effect of cancer development later in life, with women more affected than men), the lessons from the nuclear testing era (including remaining contamination in the Marshall Islands, decades after the testing ended), and unimaginable consequence of nuclear war today, which would cause nuclear winter, nuclear famine, and billions of deaths around the globe.

Collin spoke about the nuclear legacy of French Polynesia or Mā’ohi Nui, where France tested nuclear weapons from 1966 until 1998. He discussed the current status of the French compensation law for victims of nuclear testing. An estimated 200,000 people were exposed to radiation as a result of the testing in French Polynesia, and yet, less than 3000 have submitted application for compensation since the law was put into place in 2010. Collin also spoke about the progress made in the French Polynesia Parliament through the unanimous adoption of a resolution, put forth by the MP Hinamoeura Morgant-Cross, in support of the TPNW.

Kim and Wilcox shared with the audience a new set of resources on the NAPF website that center on the many reasons for nuclear abolition, including a nuclear testing resource page and a humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons page. Walking the audience through their process and the actual pages, the NAPF interns showcased their amazing progress in creating resources that will be interesting and valuable for audiences ranging from students to experts. Their presentation highlighted NAPF’s commitment to education – both the education of young people involved directly with the organization, as well as the education of the general public across the globe through this very website.

The Q&A portion of the event provided an opportunity for the audience to interact with the panelists and discuss approaches to sharing of information both when it comes to governments that may keep some data secret, as well as the engagement of the general public and not making these issues off-putting by seeming so scary hopeless.

We are pleased to have hosted such a meaningful event and are grateful to all of the panelists and attendees for their participation.

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July 22, 2024