Nuclear Age Peace Foundation

Category: Non-Proliferation

Speaking Out on the Insanity of Nuclear Weapons

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The following article was originally published in The Nation on January 28, 2026.

Speaking Out on the Insanity of Nuclear Weapons

At a time when nuclear dangers are not just rising, but multiplying, we need all hands on deck in sounding the alarm and advocating for abolition of nuclear weapons.

February 6, 2026 | Ivana Nikolić Hughes and Peter Kuznick

Near the end of his life, Robert McNamara wrote an essay for Foreign Policy, titled “Apocalypse Soon.” In it, the controversial former US Secretary of Defense and president of the World Bank argued that we “must move promptly toward elimination—or near elimination—of nuclear weapons.”

McNamara is known for his moderating role during the Cuban missile crisis, which might have saved us from the end of the world. In “Apocalypse Soon,” he writes about this experience and how it shaped his own views on nuclear weapons. But hardly is McNamara alone in examining his role in national security in his final years and concluding that he needed to speak out about nuclear weapons.

Others with long-time service at the highest levels of government have sounded the alarm. In 2007, former Republican secretaries of state Henry Kissinger and George Schultz, former Democratic secretary of defense William Perry, and former Democratic senator from Georgia Sam Nunn wrote an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal, titled “A World Free of Nuclear Weapons.”

Today, of the “four horsemen of the apocalypse,” Bill Perry and Sam Nunn are still alive. Nunn was involved in cofounding and leading the Nuclear Threat Initiative, while Perry, at nearly 100 years old, has his own William J. Perry Project, dedicated to “working to end the nuclear threat.” In 2014, in an interview with three Columbia University students, Perry shared that he was afraid we were already in a new nuclear arms race. More than 10 years later and with the seeming expiration of New START, the last remaining arms control treaty between the United States and Russia, we may be in an entirely new phase of this new race.

What is desperately needed is people currently in office coming to the same inescapable conclusion that these statemen had reached, while they can do something about it. It is quite shocking that of 100 senators, only Ed Markey has publicly urged the Trump administration to accept the offer of the Russian President Vladimir Putin to extend New START for another year. Markey, a veteran of nuclear policy, has championed many arms control causes during his time in Congress. But even Markey has yet to firmly stand behind nuclear abolition, by, for instance, endorsing the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. He shouldn’t wait until he too is out of office and nearing the end of his life. Many in Congress look up to him when it comes to nuclear issues, and his actions have the potential to be transformative.

The last three presidents have spoken about nuclear weapons in sobering terms. President Obama gave a speech in Prague, in which he stated, “So today, I state clearly and with conviction America’s commitment to seek the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons.” That declaration helped him win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Although Obama wisely negotiated New START, he also went along with the plans to modernize the US nuclear arsenal at the unimaginable price tag now approaching $2 trillion. President Trump has spoken about the need to “denuclearize,” making the argument that nuclear weapons cost too much and that they could destroy the world over and over again. And yet he has gone on to violate international law on repeated occasions and has so far refused to extend New START, potentially setting the arms race ablaze. In 2021, we had otherwise hawkish Joe Biden to rescue us from the Treaty’s expiration, but it remains unclear whether we can be saved this time. Without an extension of New START or a replacement agreement, we would likely witness a dramatic and terrifyingly dangerous growth in the nuclear arsenals of Russia and the US, the two nuclear superpowers that possess some 87 percent of the world’s approximately 12,500 nuclear warheads.

And it’s not just former or current officials who need to talk about this problem. Those with large platforms could play a huge role. Imagine if Michele Obama talked less about fashion and more about peace, if Taylor Swift devoted a tiny fraction of her time to ensuring that her millions of fans won’t all die in a nuclear war, and if professional athletes embraced this as a political cause, the way they had embraced political causes in decades past. In 1982, celebrities were right there with a million ordinary Americans gathering in Central Park, calling out the insanity of nuclear weapons. Senator Ed Markey was there, too. And young Mikhail Gorbachev watched from a distance. The US public opinion had a profound impact on the late Soviet leader.

One group bears a special responsibility in sounding the nuclear alarm, and that is the scientists themselves. Although the scientists who originally brought nuclear weapons into the world are long gone, many of them did their share of trying to eliminate their own creation, including Joseph Rotblatt, who was the architect of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto and a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, alongside the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, an organization he founded. Carl Sagan devoted a good part of his last two decades speaking for peace and disarmament, and explaining the impact that nuclear war would have on the entire planet through nuclear winter. We still have some celebrity scientists, like Neil de Grasse Tyson. They need to get involved, too!

A week ago, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, an organization started by the likes of Einstein and Oppenheimer, unveiled its Doomsday Clock, according to which, it is 85 seconds to midnight, the closest we have ever been to human destruction of the planet. We need all hands on deck. Let’s not leave this task only to those thinking about the world as they prepare to make their exit.

Ivana Nikolić Hughes is President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and a senior lecturer in Chemistry at Columbia University. Her research on ascertaining the radiological conditions in the Marshall Islands has been covered widely, including by the Los Angeles Times. She is a member of the Scientific Advisory Group to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.

Peter Kuznick is a Professor of History and the Director of the Nuclear Studies Institute at American University.

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February 6, 2026
The Nuclear Abyss: The Last Mistake of Homo Sapiens?

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By Rubén D. Arvizu* – October 30, 2025*

On a Pale Blue Dot —as Carl Sagan called it—, a leader orders the resumption of nuclear tests. Donald Trump, on October 30, 2025, demanded the Pentagon detonate atomic bombs for the first time since 1992. “To match Russia and China,” he claimed.

But there is no equality in nuclear fire. Only abyss.

Carl Sagan warned us: “Nuclear civilization is a one-time experiment.” We have failed 2,056 times with past tests. We contaminated oceans, the atmosphere, DNA. Still today, children in the Marshall Islands are born with defects from the 1954 tests.

Jacques Cousteau saw it in the sea: “The ocean does not forgive.” Mercury, lead, radiation —the dolphins with Alzheimer’s we recently discovered in Scotland are no coincidence. They are our mirror. If we poison the water, what do we expect from the air we breathe?

Stephen Hawking, from the chair that sustained him, gave us the ultimatum: “We have 100 years to leave Earth… or go extinct.” Not from asteroids. From ourselves. From bombs that can kill 100 million in minutes.

Trump says “modernize.” It’s a lie. Russia already tested its Poseidon torpedo this week. China has 600 warheads. Resuming tests doesn’t stop the race: it accelerates it. It breaks the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty of 1996. It invites India, Pakistan, North Korea to join the game.

And the children?

In Gaza, 16,000 have already died.

In Ukraine, thousands more.

With one nuclear bomb, millions.

There are no shelters.

There are no winners.

Only ash.

Hawking told us: “Artificial intelligence could be the end… or the beginning of something better.” But today, human stupidity is the real danger.

Sagan: “We are star stuff… with the power to destroy ourselves.”

Cousteau: “We only protect what we love.”

Do we love this Pale Blue Dot?

Or do we prefer to burn it?

The test is not nuclear. It is human.

Stop the experiment.

Before the cosmos forgets us.

Rubén D. Arvizu is a writer and environmentalist, General Director for Latin America of Jean-Michel Cousteau’s Ocean Futures Society, and Associate of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.

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October 30, 2025
El Abismo Nuclear: ¿El Último Error del Homo Sapiens?

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Por Rubén D. Arvizu* – 30 de octubre de 2025

En un Punto Azul Pálido —como lo llamó Carl Sagan—, un líder ordena

reanudar pruebas nucleares. Donald Trump, el 30 de octubre de 2025, exigió al Pentágono detonar bombas atómicas por primera vez desde 1992. “Para igualar a Rusia y China”, aseguró.

Pero no hay igualdad en el fuego nuclear. Solo hay abismo.

Carl Sagan nos advirtió: “La civilización nuclear es un experimento de una sola vez”. Hemos fallado 2.056 veces con pruebas pasadas. Contaminamos océanos, la atmósfera, el ADN. Aún hoy, niños en las Islas Marshall nacen con defectos por las pruebas de 1954.

Jacques Cousteau lo vio en el mar: “El océano no perdona”. Mercurio, plomo, radiación —los delfines con Alzheimer que descubrimos recientemente en Escocia no son casualidad. Son nuestro espejo. Si envenenamos el agua, ¿qué esperamos del aire que respiramos?

Stephen Hawking, desde su silla que lo sostenía, nos dejó el ultimátum: “Tenemos 100 años para abandonar la Tierra… o extinguirnos”. No por asteroides. Por nosotros. Por bombas que pueden matar a 100 millones en minutos.

Trump dice “modernizar”. Es mentira. Rusia ya probó su torpedo Poseidón esta semana. China tiene 600 ojivas. Reanudar pruebas no detiene la carrera: la acelera. Rompe el Tratado de Prohibición Completa de Pruebas Nucleares de 1996. Invita a India, Pakistán, Corea del Norte a unirse al juego.

¿Y los niños?

En Gaza, 16.000 ya murieron.

En Ucrania, miles más.

Con una sola bomba nuclear, millones.

No hay refugios.

No hay ganadores.

Solo ceniza.

Hawking nos dijo: “La inteligencia artificial podría ser el fin… o el comienzo de algo mejor”. Pero hoy, la estupidez humana es el verdadero peligro.

Sagan: “Somos polvo de estrellas… con la capacidad de destruirnos”.

Cousteau: “Solo protegemos lo que amamos”.

¿Amamos este Punto Azul?

¿O preferimos quemarlo?

La prueba no es nuclear. Es humana.

Detengamos el experimento.

Antes de que el cosmos nos olvide.

*Rubén D. Arvizu es escritor y ambientalista, director general para América Latina de Ocean Futures Society de Jean-Michel Cousteau, Asociado de la Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.

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October 30, 2025
Libya’s Decision to Give up the Bomb: The First Step Toward Regime Change?

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Article by Anderson Peck

Confronted with the horrors of genocide, States claim “never again,” yet they remain gridlocked on issues of humanitarian intervention—where it should occur, how it should proceed, and under what authority is such action legitimate. In response to these questions, Gareth Evans and Mohamad Sahnoun published an article in 2002 entitled “The Responsibility to Protect (R2P),” in which they outline the need for intervention in the face of genocide and ethnic cleansing.^[1] R2P calls on the international community to position humanitarian rights “not as an argument about the ‘right to intervene’ but about the ‘responsibility to protect.’”^[2] NATO’s Kosovo intervention and the humanitarian crises of the 1990s cast doubt on the capacity of the United Nations to enforce humanitarian protections, prompting the endorsement of R2P in 2005 by UN member States. Unfortunately, the consequent implementation of R2P in 2011 inadvertently set the stage for the overthrow of Libya’s government and its ensuing chaos. The unintended consequences following the misapplication of the doctrine tarnished R2P’s international standing and emboldened a defense of nuclear weapons programs by isolated, authoritarian nations who cited them as a “deterrent” against the threat of regime change operations by Western governments.

What Happened in Libya in 2011?

In the eyes of many States, the risk posed to an intervening States personnel, together with the economic costs of any such operation, supplant any potential moral responsibility to act. However, R2P’s first real-world application proved to be a unique exception. In an operation designed to protect protestors at risk of human rights atrocities by the State’s dictator, Muammar al-Qaddafi, the UN Security Council (UNSC) passed Resolution 1973 on March 17, 2011, authorizing military intervention on humanitarian grounds.^[3]

Eight years after Libya’s government voluntarily dismantled its nuclear weapons program, NATO forces carried out the military operation in Libya with UNSC authorization. The intervention was not cautious or preventative, as instructed by R2P’s authors, but a hastily taken and poorly executed one.

After seven months of military, financial, and strategic aid from NATO forces, Libyan rebels took control of the country and assassinated Qaddafi in October 2011. By May 2014, the State had devolved into a hotspot of terrorist activity, marred by a violent civil war.^[4] What the operation possessed in virtue of its intention to minimize civilian casualties, it lacked in execution. The NATO coalition entrusted the fragile State to violent rebel groups, which was in effect an abdication of its responsibility to follow through on R2P’s project of protection.

The “Case” for Nuclear Weapons

American policy officials have frequently thrown out the term “Libya model,” in reference to the 2003 agreement whereby Libyan dictator Muammar Al-Qaddafi gave up his nuclear ambitions in exchange for sanctions relief.

Since the 2011 intervention by the West in Libya, the case study on nuclear disarmament has instead come to signal the threat of regime change for the world’s isolated, authoritarian States. Only a week after the UNSC passed Resolution 1973, North Korea released a statement suggesting that Libya’s dismantlement of its nuclear weapons program had made it vulnerable to military intervention by the West.^[5] It described the assassination and overthrow of Qaddafi as a “grave lesson” that must be heeded by States with nuclear ambitions. Though Libya and North Korea may appear similar at first glance, the conditions and rationale under which Qaddafi relinquished the program indicates important disparities between the two States.

The True State of Libya’s Program

Although Libya had pursued nuclear weapons since 1970 while simultaneously broaching negotiations with the West, in which its nuclear program would serve as a negotiating chip, the nuclear program was far from formidable by 2003. Beginning in the 1970s, Qaddafi routinely gave contradictory statements about weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), and in 1996, he signed the Treaty of Pelindaba, making Africa a nuclear-weapons-free zone—all while working toward a nuclear weapon.^[6] However, the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Mohammed ElBaradei, described Libya’s nuclear program as being at an “early stage of development” after detailed inspections in 2003 in the wake of the State’s formal renunciation of its pursuit of WMDs. Only one week earlier, a Libyan envoy informed the IAEA that Libya had failed to construct an industrial-scale facility and produce any enriched uranium despite its more than decade-long effort towards developing a uranium enrichment capability. Qaddafi’s willingness to abandon Libya’s nuclear program therefore was not out of character, but a calculated decision based on a thoughtful study of nuclear armed nations and in the face of unique domestic tensions within Libya at the time.

Libya’s Cost-Benefit Analyses and Domestic Unrest

The Libyan government conducted cost-benefit analyses of pursuing a nuclear weapons program throughout the late 1980s and 1990s with a focus on deterrence. By the early to mid-1990s, the regime had begun to analyze the results of conflict between nuclear and non-nuclear powers. In Unclear Physics: Why Iraq and Libya Failed to Build Nuclear Weapons, Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer explains that Libyan officials recognized nuclear weapons as a “passive deterrent unable to yield positive results.”^[7] They perceived conventional weapons as far more suitable than the “long-term” option of a nuclear weapons program.^[8] Given regime sentiment toward nuclear weapons, the rudimentary nature of Libya’s nuclear program, and an abundance of domestic pressures between 1989 and 2003—a crumbling economy, an Islamist uprising, and global isolation by way of crippling sanctions—Qaddafi ultimately concluded that Libya’s security needs did not require a nuclear weapon, and he instead opted for global reintegration through the 2003 agreement.^[9]

Conclusion

As the Responsibility to Protect doctrine runs the risk of sliding into irrelevance, fears over a potential nuclear war have only intensified with North Korea becoming the ninth nuclear-armed State. Despite commonplace misunderstandings to the contrary, the question of whether nuclear weapons serve as a deterrent against military aggression had no bearing in Libya’s decision to denuclearize in 2003. Despite his past pursuit of weapons of mass destruction, Qaddafi ultimately abandoned Libya’s nuclear program under rising domestic discontent and a rationale of pragmatism, a decision worthy of enduring praise.

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^[1]Gareth Evans and Mohamed Sahnoun, “The Responsibility to Protect,” Foreign Affairs 81, no. 6, 106.

^[2]Gareth Evans and Mohamed Sahnoun, “The Responsibility,” 101.

^[3]Alan J. Kuperman, “Obama’s Libya Debacle: How a Well-Meaning Intervention Ended in Failure,” Foreign Affairs 94, no. 2, 66.

^[4]Alan J. Kuperman, “Obama’s Libya Debacle,” 68.

^[5]Brian Coquette, “The Wrong Model: Libya and the U.S.-North Korea Negotiations,” Columbia Journal of International Affairs, July 20, 2018.

^[6]Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer, Unclear Physics: Why Iraq and Libya Failed to Build Nuclear Weapons (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2016), 197.

^[7]Braut-Hegghammer, Unclear Physics, 199.

^[8]Braut-Hegghammer, Unclear Physics, 199.

^[9]Braut-Hegghammer, Unclear Physics, 196.

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September 10, 2025
80 Years Since the U.S. Bombings of of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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80 Years Since the U.S. Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

August 8, 2025 | Tower 49, 18th Floor, 12 E 49th St

On August 8, 2025, over 50 attendees gathered to mark the 80th anniversary of the U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The event was sponsored by the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF), its youth initiative, Reverse The Trend (RTT), Peace Boat U.S., and NYU Japanese Cultural Association (JCA). They presented video messages from Setsuko Thurlow, a hibakusha, anti-nuclear activist, and retired social worker; the Nagasaki Youth Delegation; and Seth Shelden, General Counsel and UN Liaison at ICAN. Moderated by NAPF’s Policy and Advocacy Director, Christian N. Ciobanu, the event featured live speakers such as Rooj Ali, RTT Canada Youth Coordinator and Youth Mentor of RTT; Sydney Taylor, Youth for SDGs Scholar and Peace Boat US intern; Lily Stewart, President of the NYU Japanese Cultural Association (JCA); Yulianna Acuña, Youth Adviser of RTT; and Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes, President of NAPF. In addition to listening to powerful testimonies, attendees took part in paper crane building and a moment of silence led by a youth from Kazakhstan.

Setsuko Thurlow

Setsuko Thurlow, a hibakusha — a survivor of the atomic bombing in Hiroshima — recounted her experience in the aftermath. At the time of the bombing, she was just 13 years old, an eighth-grade student assigned to the Hiroshima Army Headquarters to learn the decoding system. Suddenly, she saw a blue and white flash in the window and lost consciousness. “When I regained consciousness,” Thurlow recounted, “I found myself in that total darkness, in silence. I knew I faced death, I thought.”

“Some survivors said they envied the dead because survival in the aftermath was very painful; starvation and social discrimination spread,” Thurlow said, “But the hardest thing for survivors to face was how oppressive American occupation was. More painful than the bombings themselves, Thurlow explained, was the U.S. occupation’s censorship and exploitation, promising medical help but instead using survivors for research, suppressing reports of nuclear suffering, and forcing Japan to buy back confiscated survivor testimonies decades later.

Calling the bombing “a carefully planned preparation for a nuclear age,” Thurlow strongly condemned the killing of “hundreds of thousands of innocent civilians, not combatants,” as a violation of the rules of war even then. She continued with a message to the youth in the audience: “I urge you. Open the history book. Know what happened and know that it was planned. You must carry this truth forward, because soon, there will be no one left to tell it.” Her closing plea was simple: “Never again. Not just here, but everywhere”

Nagasaki Youth Delegation

The Nagasaki Youth Delegation called on youth to follow in the example of survivors by inheriting and passing on their memories. It emphasized the importance of understanding the extent of the damage inflicted upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki, insisting that “we must never forget this tragic history and continue to strive to ensure that it is never repeated.”

Addressing young people, the Nagasaki Youth Delegation advanced a cross-border coalition “to achieve the shared goal of eliminating nuclear weapons.” It closed by calling for peace through a collective effort: “Through learning together, engaging in dialogue, and taking action side by side, we can leave a future filled with hope.”

Seth Shelden

Seth Shelden of ICAN began by honoring the hibakusha, whose “average age is now 86 years old” and whose firsthand testimonies “we can’t expect to have much longer”. Shelden stressed that is up to younger generations to carry forward their memory. He critiqued the narrative that nuclear weapons are instruments that provide security, explaining, “They aren’t—they’re indiscriminate, horrific, immoral, and illegal weapons that threaten everything that everyone that you have ever loved.”

Shelden argued that youth involvement is crucial because “they will inherit the planet, inherit these crises” and because ionizing radiation particularly damages rapidly dividing cells, making young people and pregnant women particularly vulnerable.” Shelden concluded his remarks by affirming, “The TPNW is the solution. With half of the world’s countries having already joined, it’s not a question of whether these countries will join. It’s simply a question of whether they will join before or after a great catastrophe”.

Rooj Ali

Rooj Ali, Youth Coordinator and Youth Mentor of RTT Canada, began by reflecting on her introduction to nuclear disarmament advocacy at only 15 years old. Having endured civil war as a refugee from Syria before arriving in Canada, an experience which left a sense of helplessness, Rooj praised disarmament work as “something that I could do, yet something that I was so incredibly horrified by, especially considering how underrepresented it was.”

Rooj rebuked the lack of public knowledge on nuclear issues as an “intentional” lapse in education so as not to arouse anger and a “sense of horror” in people. Without an incentive to act, individuals routinely neglect the nuclear issue, the legacy of which “extends across the world into so many families, environments and generations.”

Emphasizing the interconnected nature of nuclear weapons and other pressing issues, particularly the climate crisis, Rooj explained that “as we really look around us, we come to understand that this topic affects all of us.”

Sydney Taylor

Sydney Taylor, a Peace Boat US intern and youth scholar for the UN Sustainable Development Goals, shared how her family’s history fuels her commitment to nuclear abolition. “My grandma, or Baba, grew up in Japan during World War II,” she said, recalling how her great-aunt was “walking to work when the atom bomb went off” in Hiroshima while five months pregnant, later dying from radiation poisoning.

Through Peace Boat, Taylor met survivors of the atomic bombings like Mr. Ito, who was “five years old and playing outside when the atomic bomb dropped,” and Ms. Rumi, who was ostracized because radiation illnesses were wrongly believed to be contagious. “Both survivors”, Taylor said, are dedicated to educating people about the atrocities of nuclear weapons and the need for abolition. She urged action through the Hibakusha Appeal, “calling on all nations to conclude a treaty to ban nuclear weapons,” and criticized unequal treatment of survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Taylor closed her remarks with a call for a future where nothing like this ever happens again.

Lily Stewart

Lily Stewart, President of the NYU JCA, guided the audience through a beautiful story of personal discovery that began when she was nine years old. After visiting the Hiroshima memorial, Lily “couldn’t sleep for days,” struck with “utter terror [and] devastation.” Lily now counts herself lucky to have the very nightmares that once left her stricken with fear. “The truth is,” she explained, “my nightmares were someone’s reality. And not just someone, but over 200,000 people.”

For Lily, the atomic bombs were not a story, but a reality she only came to understand when she was nine. Through discussions with her grandmother, Lily learned that her great-grandmother rushed to Nagasaki as a volunteer nurse after the bombing and later died from the radiation of the atomic bomb.

Lily concluded with a simple yet powerful testament to remembrance, “one of the most powerful abilities we have as humans.” 80 years ago, the world witnessed the horrors of human capability. But “the past is not just a lesson. It is a call to action, a reminder that what happened before can’t happen again unless we stand together to prevent it.”

Yulianna Acuña

Yulianna Acuña, an RTT adviser, began by noting the efforts of survivors to share their stories in hopes of disarmament. Acuña noted, “We’ve made progress, but not enough,” with nations still holding thousands of warheads and arms control treaties collapsing. Acuña criticized the $2 trillion U.S. nuclear modernization plan, asking ““Why are we planning for nuclear conflicts decades from now while failing to address urgent challenges like climate change or inequality?” She stressed that “everyone faces the consequences of nuclear war, so everyone deserves a voice,” especially youth, who “will inherit the consequences of today’s decisions.”

Acuña continued by expressing hope for hope and providing a call to action. “Youth will carry the human legacy forward,” she said, ‘Youth must fight for a future free from something we never requested.” Sharing the story of Sadako Sasaki, a young Hiroshima survivor who folded paper cranes while dying of leukemia, Acuña invited attendees to fold origami cranes in memory of the survivors and the fight for disarmament. The cranes, she explained, are “your commitment to the vision” of a nuclear-free world. Closing, Yulianna said, “Peace is not something we just hope for. It is something we build step by step.”

Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes

Dr. Ivana Hughes, President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, began her remarks in forceful condemnation of the nine nuclear weapons states that collectively possess 12,500 nuclear warheads. Addressing those billionaires who build underground bunkers in New Zealand in the case of nuclear war, Dr. Hughes offered a simple message: “They’ll have to come out on the surface. They’ll run out of food and this will be a completely different world. This will be a world that is quite simply destroyed.”

Referring to the work of American historian and professor at American University, Peter Kuznick, Dr. Hughes discussed the decision to use the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Prof. Kuznick found that seven out of eight five-star officers in 1945 stated that the bombings were either unnecessary or immoral or both. “This was quite simply a decision that never should have taken place,” Dr. Hughes declared.

Throughout its more than four decades of existence, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation has believed in the power of arts. Co-Founder and President Emeritus, the late David Krieger, wrote several books of poetry. In a touching moment, Dr. Hughes revealed her own foray into the arts. After returning from a walk through the hills of Nagasaki last year, she wrote a poem on her experience, entitled The Hills of Nagasaki.

“The hills call me to witness, not just their pain, but also their pain, ” began Dr. Hughes’s poem.

Concluding Remarks

The event closed with a shared sense of urgency and responsibility. Speakers from across generations and continents underscored that remembrance must be paired with action. The testimonies and stories shared made clear that the legacy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is not just history, but a call to ensure that such devastation never happens again.

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August 12, 2025
Science, Risk, and Disarmament: A Conversation with Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes
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On July 31, 2025, NAPF President Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes appeared as a featured guest on Neutrality Studies, a YouTube series hosted by Dr. Pascal Lottaz. In this wide-ranging conversation, Dr. Hughes offers a candid and compelling look at the existential threat posed by nuclear weapons—and how science, diplomacy, and public will can help chart a path to disarmament.

Dr. Hughes, also Director of Frontiers of Science and senior lecturer in chemistry at Columbia University, reflects on her personal journey from academic science into the field of nuclear policy. She shares how teaching undergraduates at Columbia first awakened her to the staggering dangers of nuclear weapons—and her growing sense of responsibility as a scientist and mother to act.

Topics discussed include:
- The flawed logic of nuclear deterrence and how every war game ends in escalation
- Scientific realities of nuclear winter and mass global famine, even from a regional war
- Historic near-misses and how close the world has come to catastrophe
- Verification and inspection frameworks that could support disarmament
- The TPNW’s growing momentum and how Global South and neutral countries are leading the way
Dr. Hughes emphasizes that while nuclear weapons are often treated as permanent fixtures of international security, they are entirely dismantlable—and that continued reliance on luck, deterrence, and outdated Cold War logic is both dangerous and unnecessary.

“We are not stuck with these weapons. Eliminating them is a political decision—and once made, it is entirely feasible to implement.”

The conversation also contrasts the stagnation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) with the energy behind the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), which now includes 73 states parties and growing support worldwide.

“This isn’t about symbolism. It’s about survival—and holding up our end of the bargain.”

From Hiroshima to climate models to the modern-day risks of miscalculation, the interview is both sobering and hopeful. As Dr. Hughes makes clear, a nuclear-free world is still within reach—but only if we choose it.

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July 31, 2025
Trinity Anniversary: Dawn of the Nuclear Age and its Enduring Global Implications

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On 23 July 2025, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF) and its youth initiative Reverse the Trend (RTT) hosted a virtual event titled “The Trinity Test: Dawn of the Nuclear Age and Its Enduring Global Implications,” honoring the 80th anniversary of the first atomic bomb test conducted in New Mexico. This event, moderated by Policy and Advocacy Director Christian Ciobanu, highlighted the intergenerational toll of nuclear weapons testing, the lived experiences of frontline communities, and the urgent need for global disarmament, justice, and environmental remediation. Speakers included: Mary Dickson, Writer and Downwinder from Utah; Esther Yazzie-Lewis, Diné Elder and Co-Author of The Navajo People and Uranium Mining; Susan Gordon, Coordinator of the Multicultural Alliance for a Safe Environment (MASE); Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes, President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Senior Lecturer at Columbia University; and Anderson Peck, Youth Activist with NAPF and its youth initiative, RTT.

Ciobanu opened the event, echoing the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), that before Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the U.S. bombed its own people—testing the same plutonium bomb design on communities in New Mexico during the Trinity Test.

Mary Dickson followed with a powerful statement by explaining, “Trinity unleashed the Nuclear Age, an age from which humanity has never recovered.” Growing up in Salt Lake City, she was unknowingly exposed to radioactive fallout from U.S. nuclear tests, having been provided inadequate warning and guidance. “We drank milk delivered to our doorstep… How were we to know a silent poison was threading through our bodies?”

Having grown up in a neighborhood where 54 people developed cancer, tumors, or autoimmune disorders, as well as having her own thyroid cancer diagnosis in her 20s, Dickson has dedicated her life to advocating for justice for radiation-exposed communities. “If we died immediately, it would have been a national catastrophe. Instead, we became invisible.” She emphasized the deep, generational trauma of nuclear testing and urged global accountability: “if we’ve learned anything, it’s this: we all live downwind.”

Esther Yazzie-Lewis of the Navajo First Nation delivered a powerful reflection connecting the 1945 Trinity Test to decades of radioactive harm on Indigenous lands. She explored the hypocrisy of the U.S., benefitting from nuclear testing while passing on the heavy costs to indigenous communities. “We live in a rich country,” she said, “and yet we’re still hauling our water and hauling our wood.” She described uranium mining’s lasting toll—on the land, the water, and Navajo families, including her own brother who worked in the mines.

Critiquing the origins of the Navajo Nation’s tribal government, she asserted, “It wasn’t for us—it was for the development of the corporate world to make money.” On the 80th anniversary, Yazzie-Lewis called for a full reckoning, both political and moral, of the cost of nuclear weapons. She urged the U.S. to acknowledge the people it sacrificed within its own borders to achieve atomic power and military dominance.

Sharing her dismay with the current institutions, Yazzie-Lewis declared, “our government people [tribal government] and the people that regulate the laws and policies are not going to be there to help us. We have to do it ourselves, for our own selves, for our families and our communities. Yet in the midst of this bleak picture, Yazzie-Lewis concluded her segment with a statement of hope amidst an era of growing turmoil. She praised the number and diversity of youth who attended the session and called upon them to carry the struggle forward despite these injustices: “Forge ahead, you young people… Learn their strategies. This grid will fall—return to your roots, your land, and your knowledge to survive what comes next.”

Following Yazzie-Lewis’ remarks, Susan Gordon of MASE, explained in detail the nuclear legacy of uranium mining in Western states. Gordon highlighted the often forgotten radiation exposure to Navajo communities—a result of uranium mines that endangered already established indigenous communities— and also called attention to the 1979 Church Rock Uranium Mill spill, which remains the largest release of radioactive waste by volume in U.S. history.

Happening just three months after the Three Mile Island Accident—a partial nuclear meltdown in Pennsylvania—Gordon noted how the nuclear power industry made efforts to downplay and ignore the impact of the Church Rock Spill. Gordon explained,“I think this happened for two reasons, one, they wanted to promote nuclear power as safe, two accidents that close together would have been problematic. Second, this happened on the Navajo land, land belonging to people of color.”

Sharing with the audience a quote from Edith Hood, President of the Red Water Pond Road Community Association, Gordon recounted, “We have waited far longer than other communities in the U.S. for this poison to be cleaned up. When is it our turn to feel safe? How many more generations have to wait?”
Gordon concluded her remarks by detailing numerous Trump Administration Executive Orders that would increase the risk of uranium exposure by fast-tracking environmental assessment and federal approval—a process that typically could take up to years—to instead take around 20 days without tribal and public input.

Dr. Ivana Nikolić Hughes of NAPF stressed the uniquely devastating nature of nuclear weapons. “The stories you’ve heard are part of a larger tapestry of suffering,” she said, tracing the global spread of nuclear testing from Trinity to the Marshall Islands, where the local Marshallese community members were told to relocate “for the good of all mankind,” Hughes recalled how, just months after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear detonations resumed, while the United Nations simultaneously called for complete disarmament.

Hughes went on to explain the current threat that nuclear weapons posed. Today, she warned, over 12,000 nuclear weapons remain—many far more powerful than those used in 1945. “Even a limited nuclear conflict between India and Pakistan could starve billions,” she noted. Hughes emphasized that abolition, not mere reduction, is essential. “We must eliminate, abolish, and prohibit nuclear weapons—before they eliminate us.”

Providing the youth perspective on the Trinity test, Anderson Peck of NAPF and its youth initiative, RTT, explained that the 80th anniversary of the 1945 Trinity explosion as the beginning of the Nuclear Age was the “beginning of a protracted legacy of nuclear injustice.” “How can a country that prides itself on justice ignore the suffering of its own people,” he asked. Amid deepening geopolitical tensions and fragile ceasefire arrangements, Peck called on young people to position themselves as a resource and “denounce the present-nuclear related escalation”.

In preparing for the event, he created an Instagram poll on his personal account asking whether anyone had heard of the Trinity explosion. Nearly 70 percent of respondents, most of them between 18 and 20 years old, indicated they had never heard of Trinity. Peck expressed his concern over such a finding, stating, “too many young people remain unaware of the event which ushered the world into the nuclear age.” Referencing UN Secretary-General Guetteres, Peck closed by expressing the urgency of the present moment: “The 80th anniversary of Trinity gives us an occasion for a much-needed raising of awareness.”
As the 80th anniversary of the Trinity Test prompts reflection, voices from frontline communities, scientists, and youth urge a reckoning with nuclear injustice. Their message is clear: remembrance must lead to action. A safer, more just future demands abolition—not only of nuclear weapons, but of the systems that sustain them.

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July 30, 2025
UN ICT Side Event: Cybersecurity and Nuclear Risk

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On July 11, 2025, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and its youth initiative, Reverse the Trend—in collaboration with the Permanent Mission of Kiribati to the United Nations and Youth for Privacy—convened a side event at the eleventh and final substantive session of the Open-Ended Working Group on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The event focused on the intersection of nuclear weapons and cybersecurity, exploring emerging threats as ICTs and artificial intelligence continue to evolve.

On behalf of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and the Permanent Mission of Kiribati, Christian Ciobanu shared Kiribati’s perspectives on nuclear weapons and ICTs. He underscored Kiribati’s concerns about the potential malicious use of ICTs on command-and-control systems.

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The Humanitаrian Imperative: Nuclear Weapons and Internatіonal Law

Noa Scheuer of‍ the International Commіttee of the Red Cross (ICRC) began by emphasizіng the catastrophic humanitar‍ian consequences оf nuclear weapon use. The ICRC, guided by intеrnational humanitarian law (IHL), de‍ems the usе of these weapons fundamentally incompatible wіth legal obligations during armed conflict‍. “It is extremely doubtful,” Scheuer stated, “that any use of nuclear weapons could comply with international humanitarian law”.

Schеuer stressed that legal constraints extend to thrеats and deployment. The ICRC’s stance highlights а growing humanitarian need, that states must ensurе these weapons are never used again, whether іn rhetoric, doctrine, or conflict.

Cyber Vulnеrabilities and Civilian Inf‍rastructure

Scheuer аlso addressed the often-overlooked cyber threаts to civilian nuclear infrastructure, referenсing cyberattacks on nuclear facilities, includіng the Stuxnet virus, which significantly damаged Iran’s nuclear facilities, and a 2017 ransоmware attack affecting systems at the Chernobу‍l nuclear plant.

While international law does not оutright prohibit attacks on nuclear power plants,‍ Sсheuer noted stricter protections, similar to thоse for hospitals and medical facilities. In tоday‍’s interconnected digital world, managing thіs risk means prioritizing cybersecurity in nuсlear nonp‍roliferation efforts.

From Hell, Not Ηeaven: The Moral and Scientific Case

Dr. Ivanа Nikolic Hughes‍, President of NAPF and a Columbia University professor, examined the intersection of nuclear weapons and ICTs from mоral and scientific perspectives. Quoting former UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld, Hughes provided a stark reminder to the room: “The United Nations was not made to bring us to heaven, but to save us from hell.”

Unlike ICTs, whіch offer be‍nefits like information access and rаpid communication, Hughes argued that nuclear wеapons provide o‍nly risk. She detailed the potеntial for nuclear detonations to destroy citiеs, contaminate environm‍ents for centuries, and greatly аlter the global climate, leading to nuclear wіnter, famine, and the destruction of the ozone layer.

Hughеs urged a sense of scale in nuclear ‍discussions, еmphasizing that these are instruments of mass suffеring, not tactical war tools, and h‍ave no plaсe in legitimate security frameworks.

The Digіtal Intersection: AI, Cyberwarfare, and Nuc‍leаr Risk

Hughes and Scheuer both expressed concеrn about the increasing integration of nuclear сomm‍and-and-control systems with technologies such as artificial intelligence, autonomous systems, аnd pred‍ictive algorithms. As decision-making аccelerates and becomes more automated, the potеntial for erro‍r increases, where a misinterprеted signal, faulty algorithm, or cyberattack сould trigger irreversi‍ble escalation.

As nuclear weapons pose such catastrophic risk, Hughes urged for human safeguards in nuclear facilities. Hughes highlighted a case during the Cold War where a faulty early warning system nearly caused the Soviet Union to fire a retaliatory nuclear strike—an action prevented by a Soviet officer who correctly identified the alert as a false alarm.

The conсept of technology amplifying nuclear risk is nоt new, but its urgency is un‍precedented. The sрread of digital vulnerabilities, combined with thе high stakes of nuclear warfare‍, creates a situаtion where human institutions might struggle tо manage the systems they have create‍d.

Youth аt the Crossroads of Cyber and Security

Youth for Privacy co-founder Joon Baek offered a personal perspective, shaped b‍y grоwing up in South Korea and military service, where he witnessed regional tensions. Baek now focuses on th‍е digital realm, where the next generation’s chоices will shape our future.

Baek cautioned agаinst ‍the dangers of unregulated ICTs, noting thе opacity of algorithms, the “black box” naturе of AI syst‍ems, and the tendency to outsource humаn judgment to machines. He highlighted that yоung people, dig‍itally fluent but socially vulnеrable, are both perpetrators and victims of cуbercrime.

Baek noted a ‍rise in youth involvement іn cyberattacks, driven by political motives. He asserted ‍that meaningful dialoguе on cybersecurity and nuclear risks requires not just observation, but youth participation as well. Baek advocated for proactive outreach to young pеople at risk of cybercrime recruitment‍ and grеater investment in youth-centered prevention.

Call to Action

The panel concludеd with‍ a shared warning: nuclear weapons and еmerging technologies are converging dangerouslу. States must‍ act now to reduce risks by elimіnating nuclear arsenals and integrating disarmаment into digital governance and cybersecuritу frameworks. From legal norms to youth inclusion, the message was clear: decisive action is needed now because of real and irreversible risks.

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July 16, 2025
NPT Side Event: Roundtable Discussion on Article VI of the NPT

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By Carrene Gepilano | Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Reverse the Trend

On 9 May 2025, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (NAPF) and its youth initiative, Reverse The Trend (RTT), in collaboration with the Missions of the Philippines, Kiribati, and Kazakhstan, convened a timely discussion on Article VI of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Speakers included: Keina Tito, First Secretary of Kiribati; Ambassador Carlos D. Sorreta, the Permanent Representative of the Philippines to the UN in Geneva; Julia Eberl, Counsellor at the Permanent Mission of Austria; Azamat Kairolda, Counsellor of Kazakhstan’s Permanent Mission; and Seth Shelden, General Counsel and UN Liaison of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN). Christian N. Ciobanu, Policy and Advocacy Director of NAPF, RTT Project Coordinator, and Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) Adviser for Kiribati, moderated the event.

Keina Tito discussed the lack of progress by nuclear-armed states on their nuclear disarmament commitments. She also emphasised the need for increased awareness of the humanitarian and environmental consequences of nuclear weapons, especially in regions like the Pacific. She also urged the nuclear-armed states to address the impact of their nuclear weapon testing programmes. Tito further noted that the TPNW complements and advances Article VI.

Ambassador Carlos D. Sorreta provided a comparison between the 2010 NPT Review Conference and today’s diplomatic climate. He recalled a more hopeful atmosphere in 2010, marked by multilateral cooperation and fewer geopolitical obstacles. In contrast to the 2010 atmosphere, he warned that “minor offenses” and personality clashes could derail consensus-building efforts in 2026. Ambassador Sorreta stressed the critical role civil society organisations (CSOs) played in 2010 and expressed concern that replicating that level of engagement may be difficult next year.

Julia Eberl pointed to the growing humanitarian focus within disarmament discourse. She recounted the evolution of the humanitarian initiative and the groundwork that led to the creation of the TPNW. She explained how support for discussions on humanitarian consequences rose from 16 to 159 states between 2012 and 2015. Referencing the failed outcome of the 2015 Review Conference, she noted that the Humanitarian Pledge and subsequent UN General Assembly resolution approved by 143 states provided momentum for the TPNW. Eberl insisted that the “TPNW contributes to the NPT” and stressed the need for verification, victim assistance, and continued scientific research on the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons.

Azamat Kairolda reminded the audience that nuclear weapons are not a theoretical issue for Kazakhstan. “1.5 million Kazakhs were affected,” he said, referring to Soviet-era testing at Semipalatinsk. He urged for time-bound steps toward disarmament and the creation of an international trust fund. He also underscored the importance of nuclear weapon free zones. He further called on states to treat nuclear disarmament as a “contemporary humanitarian challenge” and not a matter of historical memory alone.

Seth Shelden reaffirmed the importance of the TPNW in pushing forward global disarmament efforts. Shelden emphasised that the TPNW complements the NPT and fulfills the intent of Article VI by promoting genuine disarmament. “Whether or not the TPNW will ultimately bring about a nuclear free world, it remains an effective measure,” he said, calling on states to move beyond rhetoric. Furthermore, he praised TPNW states parties as leaders in the nuclear disarmament movement. He noted that a majority of NPT states parties are already states parties or signatories to the TPNW, and predicted that, by the time of the NPT Review Conference, they will also constitute a majority of UN member states overall, giving more voice to states advocating for disarmament.

During the interactive discussion with the audience, Dr. Rebecca Johnson of the Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy highlighted the need for stronger legal measures to address global security and nuclear disarmament, as outlined in her paper “Making the NPT Work for Global Security.” She urged a focus on preventing nuclear escalation and eliminating nuclear weapons, advocating for treaties that explicitly prohibit the use, possession, and related activities. Johnson suggested that TPNW states parties should treat nuclear weapons as crimes, similar to chemical and biological weapons.

Jackie Cabasso of Western States Legal Foundation raised a key question: “To what extent do concerns and uncertainty about US government leadership impact these discussions?” Panelists responded by stressing the importance of maintaining faith in the professionalism of the US foreign policy bureaucracy. They acknowledged the current challenges but expressed confidence that many capable professionals are still engaged, even if their roles are currently less visible. Nonetheless, the speakers expressed hope that once stability returns, US engagement in nuclear disarmament dialogue will resume with full strength.

As preparations intensify for the 2026 Review Conference, the message from the round table was clear: words are no longer enough. With Article VI obligations unfulfilled and disarmament progress stagnating, many participants argued that the TPNW offers a viable and necessary path forward.

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May 12, 2025
NPT Side Event: Advancing Nuclear Disarmament & Non-Proliferation Education

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By Lena Pothier and Valeriya Zherebtsova | Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Reverse the Trend

On 7 May 2025, Kiribati, Japan, Mexico, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and its youth initiative Reverse The Trend (RTT), the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, and Peace Boat US sponsored a side event on advancing nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation education. Speakers included: Josephine Moote, the Deputy Permanent Representative of Kiribati; Ambassador Tomiko Ichikawa, Permanent Representative of Japan to the CD; Eduardo Alcibiades Sanchez Kiesslich, Secondary Secretary of the Permanent Mission of Mexico; Radha Day, Chief of Regional Disarmament Information and Outreach Branch of the UN Office for Disarmament Affairs; Masako Toki, Senior Project Manager and Research Associate of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS); and Emilie McGlone, Director of Peace Boat US. The event also featured Lena Pothier, a NAPF/RTT youth delegate. Christian Ciobanu, Director of Policy and Advocacy of NAPF, RTT Coordinator, and Adviser for Kiribati, moderated the event.

Josephine Moote kicked off the discussion, focusing on the importance of empowering young people to share their stories on the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons. She mentioned a youth forum held in Astana, Kazakhstan, where Kiribati youth discussed nuclear justice and engaged with Hibakusha and nuclear testing survivors. She highlighted the need for affected communities to engage with Hibakusha to learn from one another. Overall, Moore stressed the need for the states parties to the NPT to provide more opportunities for young people to voice their views on nuclear disarmament.

Ambassador Ichikawa conveyed that the reality of nuclear weapons is at the core of Japan’s efforts regarding disarmament education. Japan agrees that one of the top priorities should be engaging young people and has worked to achieve this goal by establishing the Youth Communicators for a World without Nuclear Weapons program and the Youth Leader Fund for a World Without Nuclear Weapons.

Eduardo Kiesslich discussed Mexico’s partnerships with governmental and non-governmental organizations on educational initiatives relating to nuclear disarmament. Moreover, he explained the partnership between CNS and Mexico, where they have jointly organized summer programs on nuclear disarmament for diplomats in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Lena Pothier asked Radha Day how the UN and NPT states parties can promote nuclear disarmament and provide a space for young people to express themselves. Day’s responses emphasised that disarmament education is a tool as powerful as the NPT itself. She indicated ways that UNODA has expanded its offering of educational opportunities to engage young people. She stressed the importance of finding new ways to get young people curious about nuclear disarmament, for example, by tailoring resources geographically and opening up the main room for young people to speak.

Masako Toki stressed the importance of educational institutions, such as CNS, quoting Kofi Annan, who said, “Education is the most effective form of defense spending.” She further stated that education remains an underutilised resource, and it is more important than ever to invest in youth. Additionally, Toki explained that is important to connect disarmament to other social justice issues, such as environmental and racial justice. She also mentioned that barriers ought to be reduced to ensure that disarmament has voices not just from people with privileged backgrounds.

Emilie McGlone rounded out the discussion by describing Peace Boat US’ focus on the 17 Sustainable Development Goal pillars, youth engagement, and its work with both Mayors for Peace and the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN). McGlone also discussed the importance of creating a space for hibakusha to share their experiences

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May 5, 2025